Geek History

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        <title>Geek History</title>
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            <title>who-invented-the-internet</title>
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            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 18:19:31 +0000</pubDate>
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            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 18:13:22 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>when-was-internet-invented-and-who-invented-internet</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/when-was-internet-invented-and-who-invented-internet</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/08/10 21:58&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 155:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 155:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;**[[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO_st2TkWKkY| Watch our complete &amp;quot;Who Invented The Internet?&amp;quot; series on YouTube]]**&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;**[[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO_st2TkWKkY| Watch our complete &amp;quot;Who Invented The Internet?&amp;quot; series on YouTube]]**&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**[[&amp;quot;Who Invented The Internet?&amp;quot; series on YouTube| &amp;quot;Who Invented The Internet?&amp;quot; series on YouTube]]**&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 13:27:54 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>start</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/start</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/02 14:39&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 34:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 34:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Technology doesn’t happen overnight. It doesn’t spring fully formed from the mind of a single genius. It grows through collaboration, competition, trial, error, and the stubborn persistence of people whose names never make it into the spotlight.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Technology doesn’t happen overnight. It doesn’t spring fully formed from the mind of a single genius. It grows through collaboration, competition, trial, error, and the stubborn persistence of people whose names never make it into the spotlight.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;GeekHistory is my attempt to correct the record.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;7r35r98vyXA |Tech History&amp;#039;s Biggest Lies: Why The Story We&amp;#039;re Told Is Wrong }} &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;====&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;GeekHistory is my attempt to correct the record.&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;==== &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;I’ve spent my life working with radios, telecommunications, computers, networks, and the messy evolution of the internet. From Army National Guard radio systems in the 1970s, to my first FCC radiotelephone license, to decades in field service, systems administration, and telecom—I&amp;#039;ve watched technology evolve in real time. I published my first article on PC telecommunications in 1988, taught internet basics in the mid 1990s, and registered GeekHistory.com in 2001 as a place to share the stories behind the technology.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;I’ve spent my life working with radios, telecommunications, computers, networks, and the messy evolution of the internet. From Army National Guard radio systems in the 1970s, to my first FCC radiotelephone license, to decades in field service, systems administration, and telecom—I&amp;#039;ve watched technology evolve in real time. I published my first article on PC telecommunications in 1988, taught internet basics in the mid 1990s, and registered GeekHistory.com in 2001 as a place to share the stories behind the technology.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 04:08:23 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>who-invented-tcp-ip</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/who-invented-tcp-ip</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/08/11 03:54&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 130:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 130:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;D-b7lS7dbY4 |Who Invented TCP/IP? The Story of Cerf, Kahn and the Internet }}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;D-b7lS7dbY4 |Who Invented TCP/IP? The Story of Cerf, Kahn and the Internet }}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 03:55:29 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>the-internet-was-built-to-survive.-can-you-survive-a-tuesday-blackout</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/the-internet-was-built-to-survive.-can-you-survive-a-tuesday-blackout</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/08/10 21:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;==== The Internet Was Built to Survive. Can you Survive a Tuesday Blackout? ==== &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;==&lt;/strong&gt;==== The Internet Was Built to Survive. Can you Survive a Tuesday Blackout?&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;==&lt;/strong&gt;==== &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;VpNxE_ELvSg |The Internet Was Built to Survive. Can you Survive a Tuesday Blackout? }}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;VpNxE_ELvSg |The Internet Was Built to Survive. Can you Survive a Tuesday Blackout? }}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:51:15 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>intergalactic-computer-network</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/j.-c.-r.-licklider:intergalactic-computer-network</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/08/10 21:48&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 68:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 68:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;FiUGBu7vpxg |The Man Who Dreamed the Internet Before Computers Could Even Talk }}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;FiUGBu7vpxg |The Man Who Dreamed the Internet Before Computers Could Even Talk }}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:48:58 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>man-who-imagined-the-internet-before-computers-existed</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/man-who-imagined-the-internet-before-computers-existed</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/08/10 21:44&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 68:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 68:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Vannevar Bush and the Memex: Did He Really Invent the Internet?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Vannevar Bush and the Memex: Did He Really Invent the Internet?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;The next visionary imagined something far more radical.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;He imagined computers that people would actually interact with.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Almost as if computers and people could form a partnership.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;In the early 1960s, that idea sounded completely insane.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;The man who proposed it called it &amp;quot;Man-Computer Symbiosis.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;He described a future where computers around the world were connected together, sharing information and resources.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;He called it the Intergalactic Computer Network.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;No, he wasn&amp;#039;t talking about aliens.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;But he was imagining something that looked suspiciously like the modern internet.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Next time, we&amp;#039;ll meet J. C. R. Licklider, the dreamer who convinced a generation of engineers to stop thinking about computers as machines—and start thinking about them as networks.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;And that&amp;#039;s where our story really begins.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;ROrGtcNij6g |Vannevar Bush and the Memex: Did He Really Invent the Internet?}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;ROrGtcNij6g |Vannevar Bush and the Memex: Did He Really Invent the Internet?}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:45:56 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>the-forgotten-geek-behind-packet-switching</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/paul-baran:the-forgotten-geek-behind-packet-switching</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/08/10 21:28&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 79:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 79:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;borO89Wq63E |Paul Baran: The Forgotten Geek Who Invented Packet Switching}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Paul Baran: The Forgotten Man Who Invented Packet Switching&amp;#160; https://youtu.be/borO89Wq63E&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:36:56 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>debunking-arpanet-mythology</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/debunking-arpanet-mythology</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/08/10 21:34&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 105:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 105:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;IpndpVG9XsI |Everybody knows how the Internet was invented. Or at least they think they do.}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;IpndpVG9XsI |Everybody knows how the Internet was invented. Or at least they think they do.}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:35:07 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>who-invented-the-internet-just-the-truth</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/who-invented-the-internet-just-the-truth</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/29 12:29&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 17:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 17:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;If you&amp;#039;ve ever wondered who really invented the internet, this is where our journey begins. And if you&amp;#039;re willing to look beyond the myths, there&amp;#039;s a fascinating story waiting to be told.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;If you&amp;#039;ve ever wondered who really invented the internet, this is where our journey begins. And if you&amp;#039;re willing to look beyond the myths, there&amp;#039;s a fascinating story waiting to be told.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;History remembers the legend. Geek History tells the whole story&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;====&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;History remembers the legend. Geek History tells the whole story&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;==== &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;DcfuTQfvclo |Who Invented the Internet? No Script. No AI. Just the Truth.}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;DcfuTQfvclo |Who Invented the Internet? No Script. No AI. Just the Truth.}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:31:18 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>1980s-internet-protocols-become-universal-language-computers</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/1980s-internet-protocols-become-universal-language-computers</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/02 22:06&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 22:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 22:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Many additional members of the TCP/IP family of protocols continue to be developed, expanding of the basic principals established by Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf back in the 1970s.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Many additional members of the TCP/IP family of protocols continue to be developed, expanding of the basic principals established by Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf back in the 1970s.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Who Invented TCP/IP? The Story of Cerf, Kahn and the Internet&amp;#160; https://youtu.be/D-b7lS7dbY4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:27:06 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>1960s-paul-baran-developed-packet-switching</title>
            <link>http://geekhistory.com/content/1960s-paul-baran-developed-packet-switching</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/28 18:41&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;====== Paul Baran developed packet switching in the 1960s ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;====== Paul Baran developed packet switching in the 1960s ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Paul Baran was a pioneer in the development of computer networks creating one of the core concepts of the internet, packet switched computer networking. In the 1960s, Paul Baran, one of the founding fathers of the internet as a researcher at RAND, developed the concept of packet switching as an integral part of the new technology that would become the internet.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;One of the key differences between communications before the internet, to the way information flowed with the new standards known as Internet Protocol, is the concept of packet switching. Throughout the standard for Internet Protocol you will see the description of packet switching, &amp;quot;fragment and reassemble internet datagrams when necessary for transmission through small packet networks.&amp;quot; A message is divided into smaller parts know as packets before they are sent. Each packet is transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its destination. Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Paul&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Baran&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;was&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;pioneer&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;in the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;development&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;computer networks&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;creating one&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;core concepts&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;internet: packet‑switched computer networking&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;After joining the RAND Corporation in 1959,&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Baran&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;took on the task of designing&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;survivable&amp;quot; communications system that could maintain communication between end points&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;in the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;face&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;damage from nuclear weapons. RAND was a think tank that focused mostly on cold war related military issues&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;and was looking for communications systems that would survive a nuclear attack. An article on the RAND website, &amp;quot;Paul Baran and the Origins&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Internet,&amp;quot; states that Paul Baran offered a solution &amp;quot;to communicate in the aftermath of a nuclear attack.&amp;quot; It is often debated as whether RAND&amp;#039;s view was the primary goal&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;ARPANET&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;In the 1960s,&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Baran&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;, one of the founding fathers of the internet as a researcher at RAND, developed the&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;concept of packet switching&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;as an integral&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;part of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;the new technology&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;that&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;would become the internet. Several years before the ARPANET&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;was&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;created, Baran had two ideas that became very important in its development: the idea of building&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;distributed network&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;and a technique for data transmission that later came to&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;be&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;called packet switching&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Baran&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;&amp;#039;s&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;concept of packet switching&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;was&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;part of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;this work, as it allowed for a system&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;that&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;could route traffic around an area if there&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;was a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;problem&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;packets would simply&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;be&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;routed around it&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;After joining the RAND Corporation in 1959&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Baran took on&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;task of designing a “survivable” communications system that could maintain communication between end points in&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;face&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;damage from nuclear weapons&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;In 1969&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;when&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) started developing&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;idea&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;an inter-networked set of terminals to share computing resources, the reference materials which they considered included Baran and the RAND Corporation&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;On Distributed Communications&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;RAND&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;was&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;think tank that focused mostly on Cold War–related military issues,&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;and&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;was looking for communications systems that would survive a nuclear attack&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;People at&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;RAND&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;, America’s foremost military think tank, were trying&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;to&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;figure out an important strategic problem: how US authorities could talk to each other in the aftermath of&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;nuclear attack. An article on the RAND website, Paul Baran&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;and&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;the Origins of the Internet, states that Baran offered&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;solution “to communicate in the aftermath of a nuclear attack.” It is often debated whether RAND’s view was the primary goal&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;the ARPANET&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;The&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;RAND&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;name originated as&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;contraction of Research&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;and&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Development&lt;/strong&gt;. RAND&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;continues&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;to&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;operate today as&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;nonprofit research&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;and&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;analysis institution across&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;broad range&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;subjects&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Even&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;before&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;arriving at RAND&lt;/strong&gt;, Baran had&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;been thinking about the concepts of redundancy and rerouting&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;that&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;were put forth&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;in the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;neurobiologist Warren McCulloch’s work on neural nets&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Several years&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;before&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;the ARPANET was created&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Paul&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Baran had&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;two ideas&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;that&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;became very important&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;in the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;development of the ARPANET. The first was the idea of building a distributed network. The second was a technique for data transmission that later came to be called packet switching&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;When he heard that the Air Force had asked&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;RAND&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;to explore survivable communications, Baran’&lt;/strong&gt;s&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;ideas found a perfect application. He conceived the idea&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;for a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;new kind of communications network—one that wasn’t organized point‑&lt;/strong&gt;to&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;‑point, but instead was set up more like a fishnet&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;The idea was to create a decentralized computer network whereby every computer was connected to each other. In this case&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;even if one&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;the systems was hit, the others would remain unaffected. Computers&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;in the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;1960s were very large and very expensive, and this new proposed network would also solve another problem: allowing various agencies and locations the ability to use computers in other locations&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;In 1959&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;RAND s&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;reputation&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;for&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;intellectual freedom induced&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;young engineer named Paul Baran&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;to&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;leave Hughes Aircraft and pursue his interests at RAND&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Even before arriving at RAND&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Baran had been thinking about the concepts&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;redundancy and rerouting that were put forth&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;in the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;neurobiologist Warren McCulloch s work on neural nets&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;One of the key differences between communications before the internet&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;and the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;way information flowed with the new standards known as&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Internet&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Protocol is the concept of packet switching.&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;==== RAND&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;and the Internet&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;====&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Throughout the standard for Internet Protocol you will see the description of packet switching: “fragment and reassemble internet datagrams when necessary for transmission through small packet networks.” A message is divided into smaller parts known as packets before they are sent. Each packet is transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its destination. Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message. Baran’s concept of packet switching was part of his survivability work, as it allowed for a system that could route traffic around an area if there was a problem—packets would simply be routed around it.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;==== On Distributed Communications Networks ====&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;While it is debated in some circles as whether RAND&amp;#039;s view was the primary goal of the internet, RAND was a think tank that focused mostly on cold war related military issues, and was looking for communications systems that would survive a nuclear attack. In the 1960s, Paul Baran, one of the founding fathers of the internet as a researcher at RAND, developed the concept of packet switching as an integral part of the new technology that would become the internet. Baran&amp;#039;s concept of packet switching was part of this work, as it allowed for a system that could route traffic around an area if there was a problem, packets would simply be routed around it.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Paul Baran, one of the Rand thinkers on the project, conceived the idea for a new kind of communications network; one that wasn&amp;#039;t organized point-to-point, but instead was set up more like a fishnet.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;In 1964, Paul Baran, working for&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;RAND,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;wrote On Distributed Communications Networks&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;which described packet‑switching networks with no single outage point&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;People at the&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;RAND&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Corporation&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;America&amp;#039;s foremost military think tank&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;were trying to figure out an important strategic problem: how could US authorities talk to each other in the aftermath of a nuclear attack&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;In&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;when the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) started developing the idea&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;an inter‑networked set of terminals to share computing resources&lt;/strong&gt;, the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;reference materials they considered included Baran and the RAND Corporation’s On Distributed Communications&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;While it is debated&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;in&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;some circles whether RAND’s view was&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;primary goal of the internet, Baran’&lt;/strong&gt;s&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;work clearly influenced&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;early thinking behind ARPANET&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;The idea was to create a decentralized computer network, whereby every computer was connected to each other.&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;In&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;this case&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;even if one&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;the systems was hit&lt;/strong&gt;, the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;others would remain unaffected&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Computers&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;in the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;1960&amp;#039;&lt;/strong&gt;s&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;were very large and very expensive. This new proposed network would also solve another problem, allowing various agencies and locations&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;ability to use computers in other locations&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;The RAND Corporation was founded after the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Second World War&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;as a research agency for the United States armed forces by Douglas Aircraft Company. It is currently incorporated as a non&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;‑&lt;/strong&gt;profit organization with its main office in Santa Monica, California. The name RAND is a contraction of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;“&lt;/strong&gt;Research and Development.&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;”&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;RAND&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;continues to operate today as a nonprofit research and analysis institution across a broad range&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;subjects&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The RAND Corporation was founded after the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;second world war&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;as a research agency for the United States armed forces by Douglas Aircraft Company. It is currently incorporated as a non&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;-&lt;/strong&gt;profit organization with&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;a&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;its main office in Santa Monica, California. The name RAND is a contraction of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;Research and Development.&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;&amp;quot; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Paul Baran discribed the process of packet switching. In 1964 Paul Baran working for&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;RAND&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;wrote &amp;quot;On Distributed Communications Networks&amp;quot; which described packet switching networks with no single outage point. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;While at RAND, Baran became interested in the survivability&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;communication networks in the event of a nuclear attack. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;The 1960s the Internet is conceived&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;The 1960s: the internet is conceived.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:04:36 +0000</pubDate>
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;It demonstrated the power of shared computing resources, a key stepping stone toward networked communication.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;It demonstrated the power of shared computing resources, a key stepping stone toward networked communication.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;====&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;🔧&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Packet Switching: The Missing Technical Breakthrough ====&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;==== Packet Switching: The Missing Technical Breakthrough ====&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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            <author>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 20:34:25 +0000</pubDate>
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