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http://geekhistory.com/content/
Wed, 22 Jul 2026 22:54:42 +0000FeedCreator 1.8http://geekhistory.com/content/_media/wiki:dokuwiki.svgGeek History
http://geekhistory.com/content/
how-edison-tesla-and-westinghouse-really-built-the-electric-age
http://geekhistory.com/content/how-edison-tesla-and-westinghouse-really-built-the-electric-age
<table><tr><th colspan="2" width="50%">2026/07/04 19:36</th><th colspan="2" width="50%">current</th></tr><tr><td class="diff-blockheader" colspan="2">Line 35:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">{{ youtube>vlS6FVzL11E |The REAL War of the Currents}}</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">{{ youtube>vlS6FVzL11E |The REAL War of the Currents}}</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">----</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">----</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">The internet is full of myths about the War of the Currents, endless "Edison vs. Tesla" graphics and heroic underdog stories. But the real history is far more fascinating and grittier.</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">The internet is full of myths about the War of the Currents, endless "Edison vs. Tesla" graphics and heroic underdog stories. But the real history is far more fascinating and grittier.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">-  Everyone thinks Nikola Tesla single-handedly electrified the planet. It’s a cute story, but it’s wrong. In this video, we cut through the "wizard-inventor" myth to reveal the truth: Tesla didn't wire the 1893 World’s Fair, and he definitely did not build the Niagara Falls generators.</td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">-  Everyone thinks Nikola Tesla single-handedly electrified the planet. It’s a cute story, but it’s wrong. In this video, we cut through the "wizard-inventor" myth to reveal the truth: Tesla didn't wire the 1893 World’s Fair, and he definitely did not build the Niagara Falls generators. </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">{{ youtube>SAmIlOMN3j4 |Tesla Got the Credit. This Engineer Built Reality.}}</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">{{ youtube>SAmIlOMN3j4 |Tesla Got the Credit. This Engineer Built Reality.}}</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">----</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">----</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">**WATCH: George Westinghouse The Geek Who Built the Modern World. Why Was He FORGOTTEN?**</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">**WATCH: George Westinghouse The Geek Who Built the Modern World. Why Was He FORGOTTEN?**</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">- History loves to remember the showman and the visionary who fought the so-called "War of the Currents." </td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">- History loves to remember the showman and the visionary who fought the so-called "War of the Currents." </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">But the man who actually won it... the man whose technology powers our entire world, has been almost completely erased from the story.</td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">But the man who actually won it... the man whose technology powers our entire world, has been almost completely erased from the story. </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">{{ youtube>Xh80L0lStF0 |George Westinghouse is the forgotten geek in the War of Currents}}</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">{{ youtube>Xh80L0lStF0 |George Westinghouse is the forgotten geek in the War of Currents}}</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">In reality?   The Tesla fandom has rewritten history harder than a conspiracy subreddit on a caffeine bender.</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">In reality?   The Tesla fandom has rewritten history harder than a conspiracy subreddit on a caffeine bender.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">{{youtube>g2BDQwvf2Jw?si | The Einstein Tesla Genius Quote: Why the Internet Is Wrong About This Myth}}</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">{{youtube>g2BDQwvf2Jw?si | The Einstein Tesla Genius Quote: Why the Internet Is Wrong About This Myth}}</td></tr>
</table>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)Sat, 04 Jul 2026 19:38:34 +0000when-was-internet-invented-and-who-invented-internet
http://geekhistory.com/content/when-was-internet-invented-and-who-invented-internet
<table><tr><th colspan="2" width="50%">2026/07/02 23:24</th><th colspan="2" width="50%">current</th></tr><tr><td class="diff-blockheader" colspan="2">Line 64:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">Internet History 1960s: Paul Baran developed packet switching  </td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">Internet History 1960s: Paul Baran developed packet switching  </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">  </td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">  </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">**[[1980s-internet-protocols-become-universal-language-computers| <strong class="diff-mark">1980s-internet-protocols-become-</strong>universal<strong class="diff-mark">-</strong>language<strong class="diff-mark">-computers</strong>]]**  </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">**[[1980s-internet-protocols-become-universal-language-computers| <strong class="diff-mark">Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf set standards TCP/IP becomes </strong>universal language<strong class="diff-mark"> </strong></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">]]**  </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">  </td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">  </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Internet History 1970s: Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf Internet Protocol</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">  </td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">  </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">Internet History 1990s: Who invented the world wide web?</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">Internet History 1990s: Who invented the world wide web?</td></tr>
</table>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)Thu, 02 Jul 2026 23:25:13 +0000who-invented-the-internet - removed
http://geekhistory.com/content/who-invented-the-internet
<table><tr><th colspan="2" width="50%">2026/07/02 21:49</th><th colspan="2" width="50%">current</th></tr><tr><td class="diff-blockheader" colspan="2">Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">====== Who Invented the Internet? The Real Story Behind the Myth ======</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Why was the Internet invented? Who invented it? When did it begin? Those questions seem simple—but the real story is far more interesting.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">If you've watched enough documentaries, you've probably heard that someone "invented the Internet."</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">That's one of technology's most persistent myths.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">The Internet wasn't a single invention. It was the result of decades of ideas contributed by scientists, engineers, university researchers, government agencies, and private companies. GeekHistory explores the forgotten people whose ideas eventually became the modern Internet.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">History remembers the legend.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">GeekHistory tells the whole story.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">===== Why was the Internet invented? =====</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">The answer depends on which part of the story you're asking about.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">The immediate catalyst was the launch of Sputnik in 1957. In response, the United States created Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to accelerate advanced scientific research for national defense.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">ARPA would later fund the development of the ARPANET, the research network that became one of the foundations of today's Internet.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">But the Internet wasn't created simply to survive nuclear war—a common oversimplification.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Researchers were trying to solve several problems at once:</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">• Sharing expensive computers between universities</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">• Allowing researchers to collaborate over long distances</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">• Making computer networks more reliable</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">• Developing new methods for moving information efficiently</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Those ideas eventually converged into what became the Internet.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">===== Who invented the Internet? =====</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">No single person did.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Many of the most important contributors never built a finished product. They imagined concepts that later generations of engineers turned into reality.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Among the people you'll meet in GeekHistory are:</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">◇ Vannevar Bush, whose 1945 essay As We May Think described ideas that anticipated hypertext and modern knowledge systems.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">◇ J. C. R. Licklider, whose vision of interactive computing and a worldwide computer network inspired decades of research.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">◇ Paul Baran, whose work at the RAND Corporation helped develop packet-switching concepts.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">◇ Larry Roberts, principal architect of the ARPANET.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">◇ Dozens of graduate students, university researchers, and engineers whose names rarely appear in popular history.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">The Internet wasn't invented by one genius.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">It was built by generations of them.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">===== When was the Internet invented? =====</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">There isn't a single correct answer.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Several milestones are commonly used:</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">| Date | What Happened |</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">| 1945 | Vannevar Bush publishes As We May Think, introducing ideas that influenced hypertext. |</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">| 1960 | J.C.R. Licklider publishes Man-Computer Symbiosis. |</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">| 1969 | The first ARPANET connection is established. |</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">| January 1, 1983 | TCP/IP replaces NCP on ARPANET, creating the technical foundation of the modern Internet. |</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Each milestone marks an important step in the evolution of the Internet.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">===== Did the Cold War create the Internet? =====</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">The Cold War unquestionably shaped the environment in which Internet research developed.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Following Sputnik, the U.S. government dramatically increased investment in advanced scientific research.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">At the same time, researchers like Paul Baran studied how communication networks could remain functional even if parts of the network were destroyed. His work on distributed communications and packet switching became one of several important building blocks of modern networking.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">But saying the Internet was "built to survive nuclear war" simplifies a much larger story.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">The Internet emerged from many overlapping goals, including scientific collaboration, resource sharing, reliability, and advances in computer science.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">===== Why GeekHistory Covers the Internet =====</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">I've been studying computing and telecommunications since the 1970s.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">The deeper I looked into the history of the Internet, the more I discovered that many of its most influential contributors have been pushed into the margins while a handful of famous names became the entire story.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">That's exactly the kind of history GeekHistory exists to tell.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Our Internet series follows the visionaries, engineers, researchers, and forgotten geeks whose ideas changed the world.</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline"></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
</table>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)Thu, 02 Jul 2026 23:19:43 +0000who-invented-world-wide-web
http://geekhistory.com/content/who-invented-world-wide-web
<table><tr><th colspan="2" width="50%">2026/03/23 01:35</th><th colspan="2" width="50%">current</th></tr><tr><td class="diff-blockheader" colspan="2">Line 1:</td>
<td class="diff-blockheader" colspan="2">Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Who invented the world wide web? </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"> Almost universally you will find references that state that Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide. According to the  World Wide Web Foundation, "Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989."   But is it that simple? </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Like any use of the word invention, it is rarely a simple process of one person creating something new entirely from scratch. Let's define the world wide web and its components.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">What is the World Wide Web?</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Many people use the term internet interchangeably with "the web" or "world wide web."  The internet is the  information super highway, the infrastructure on which we travel.  Web browsers and web servers make up the world wide web, the vehicle we use to travel on the highway.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"> When I talk about the general term of the internet, I am speaking about the technologies that move packets of information along wires from one destination to another, specifically the family of protocols known as TCP/IP (transmission control protocol - internet protocol).</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">The internet uses the TCP/IP family of protocols developed by Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf in the 1970s.  The World Wide Web is a system of Internet servers using the HTTP protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol), an additional member of the TCP/IP family of protocols, expanding on the basic principles established by Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf back in the 1970s.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">The "World Wide Web” represents the many destinations that are connected together using the public highway system of the internet.  When I talk about the general term of the World Wide Web, I am speaking about the technologies that create websites and webservers such as HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) and HTML (hypertext markup language). The applications called web browsers that make it easy to access the World Wide Web using URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Tim Berners-Lee developed the three main technologies that all computers could use for accessing information over the medium of the Internet: HTML, HTTP and URLs.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">The evolution of HyperText Markup Language</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Many people point to a 1945 Atlantic Monthly article called "As We May Think" by Dr. Vannevar Bush as the earliest published vision of the concept of hypertext.  Concerned with information overload and the need to make knowledge more accessible, Dr. Vannevar Bush describes a theoretical machine called a "memex"  that would be able to make links between documents.  The machine was to extend the powers of human memory and association. Just as the human mind forms memories through associations, the user of the memex would be able to make links between documents.  Discussing the concept of "making more accessible our bewildering store of knowledge" the article by Vannevar Bush defined many concepts of modern information technology.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Hypertext is defined as a system that allows objects of various types such as text, pictures, and music, to be creatively linked to each other. Ted Nelson, who coined the term "hypertext" in the 1960's, acknowledges his debt to Dr. Vannevar Bush for the concept of hypertext. Ted Nelson conceived a world-wide network that would allow information to be stored not as separate files, but as connected literature. The project known as Xanadu has never been totally completed.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">The second part of the acronym HTML refers to the concept of Markup Languages which date back to Generalized Markup Language developed by IBM in the 1960s. Charles F. Goldfarb was a member of a team tasked by IBM to apply computers to the legal practice.  The project required integrating a text editing application with an information retrieval system came up with the concept of Generalized Markup Language (GML).</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Tim Berners-Lee defines the world wide web  </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">In 1980, while an independent contractor at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), Tim Berners-Lee proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.  Tim Berners-Lee left CERN in 1980,  and returned in 1984. By 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet.'</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Berners-Lee wrote the first, text only, browser client called 'World Wide Web' and made it available within CERN. It was published on the Internet in the summer of 1991.  Berners-Lee spent the next few years refining the main technologies necessary for easy web browsing, URLs, HTTP, and HTML.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">You will see the origin of the World Wide Web having numerous dates between 1989 and 1993.  According to his biography on the W3C website, "Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989."</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Tim Berners-Lee would develop HTML (HyperText Markup Language) as the computer language that would take the collection of wires and computers of the internet, and give them a more universal method of communications that would be known as the World Wide Web.  Just as the core networking protocols of the internet represented a radical departure from how things were done prior to their development, the concept of hypertext was likewise a new way of delivering information.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Tim Berners-Lee is currently the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (WC3) a vendor-neutral group of international members of Internet developers setting standards for the web including standards for HTML.  He is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation</td></tr>
</table>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)Thu, 02 Jul 2026 23:17:08 +0000why-was-internet-created-1957-sputnik-launches-arpa
http://geekhistory.com/content/why-was-internet-created-1957-sputnik-launches-arpa
<table><tr><th colspan="2" width="50%">2026/07/02 22:26</th><th colspan="2" width="50%">current</th></tr><tr><td class="diff-blockheader" colspan="2">Line 31:</td>
<td class="diff-blockheader" colspan="2">Line 31:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">"The genesis of that mission and of DARPA itself dates to the launch of Sputnik in 1957, and a commitment by the United States that, from that time forward, it would be the initiator and not the victim of strategic technological surprises."</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">"The genesis of that mission and of DARPA itself dates to the launch of Sputnik in 1957, and a commitment by the United States that, from that time forward, it would be the initiator and not the victim of strategic technological surprises."</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Is it ARPA or DARPA that created the ARPANET</td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"><strong class="diff-mark">===== </strong>Is it ARPA or DARPA that created the ARPANET <strong class="diff-mark">=====</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Throughout <strong class="diff-mark">this section on </strong>the history of the internet we refer to the parent of the internet as ARPA because the computer network that gave birth to the internet was the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). Initially called the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency is currently called the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). What makes the situation more confusing is that ARPA was renamed to DARPA in March 1972, then renamed ARPA in February 1993, and then renamed DARPA again in March 1996. Regardless of the name changes ARPA has always been an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense.</td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Throughout the history of the internet we refer to the parent of the internet as ARPA because the computer network that gave birth to the internet was the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). Initially called the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency is currently called the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). <strong class="diff-mark"> </strong></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"><strong class="diff-mark"> </strong></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">What makes the situation more confusing is that ARPA was renamed to DARPA in March 1972, then renamed ARPA in February 1993, and then renamed DARPA again in March 1996. Regardless of the name changes ARPA has always been an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">===== 1960s Ideas shaped by the Cold War =====</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">===== 1960s Ideas shaped by the Cold War =====</td></tr>
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<td class="diff-blockheader" colspan="2">Line 53:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">While some people still debate whether the original purpose of the internet was for the military, the internet was originally conceived by the RAND Corporation, a think tank that focused mostly on cold war related military issues as RAND pondered post-nuclear attack scenarios</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">While some people still debate whether the original purpose of the internet was for the military, the internet was originally conceived by the RAND Corporation, a think tank that focused mostly on cold war related military issues as RAND pondered post-nuclear attack scenarios</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">Why <strong class="diff-mark">was </strong>the <strong class="diff-mark">internet </strong>created<strong class="diff-mark">?</strong></td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"><strong class="diff-mark">===== </strong>Why <strong class="diff-mark">historians still debate why </strong>the <strong class="diff-mark">Internet was </strong>created<strong class="diff-mark">. =====</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">Various RAND and DARPA statements connecting early Internet projects to cold war fears and the desire to survive a nuclear attack are stated on their website, not part an isolated study.</td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context">Various RAND and DARPA statements connecting early Internet projects to cold war fears and the desire to survive a nuclear attack are stated on their website, not part an isolated study.</td></tr>
</table>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)Thu, 02 Jul 2026 22:29:25 +00001980s-internet-protocols-become-universal-language-computers - created
http://geekhistory.com/content/1980s-internet-protocols-become-universal-language-computers
<table><tr><th colspan="2" width="50%">2026/07/22 22:54</th><th colspan="2" width="50%">current</th></tr><tr><td class="diff-blockheader" colspan="2">Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf set standards TCP/IP becomes universal language </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">The internet was not something born of a single idea, but rather a gradual evolution, and the work of many people over many years.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">The idea started with a vision to create a decentralized computer network, whereby every computer was connected to each other, but if one member of the systems was hit, the others would remain unaffected.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">From the initial idea of a decentralized computer network came the concept of packet switching. During the 1960s Paul Baran developed the concept of packet switching networks while conducting research at the historic RAND organization.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">What is a Protocol? </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">The network concept of protocols establishes a set of rules for each system to speak the others language in order for them to communicate. Once the concept of packet switching was developed the next stage in the evolution was to create a language that would be understood by all computer systems. </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">This new standard set of rules would enable different types of computers, with different hardware and software platforms,  to communicate in spite of their differences.  Protocols describe both the format that a message must take as well as the way in which messages are exchanged between computers.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">The next phase in the evolution of the Internet would be the work of Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf during the 1970s. Kahn and Cerf would collaborate as key members of a team to create TCP/IP, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), the building blocks of the modern internet.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">TCP/IP becomes the language of the Internet </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Bob Kahn joined ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) in 1972 as a program manager and initiated projects in network security, digital speech transmission, and packet radio. In the spring of 1973, Kahn approached Vinton Cerf with the idea of developing a system for interconnecting networks.  Kahn and Cerf invited experts from around the world to discuss the interconnecting networks design at a seminar in June 1973.  Cerf and Kahn outlined the resulting Internet architecture in May 1974, published as "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication."</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">In 1981 the TCP/IP standards were published as RFCs 791, 792 and 793 and adopted for use. In computer network engineering, a Request for Comments (RFC) is a formal document published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to establish Internet standards.  On January 1, 1983, TCP/IP protocols became the only approved protocol on the ARPANET, the predecessor to today's internet.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class="diff-lineheader">+</td><td class="diff-addedline">Many additional members of the TCP/IP family of protocols continue to be developed, expanding of the basic principals established by Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf back in the 1970s.</td></tr>
</table>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)Thu, 02 Jul 2026 22:06:52 +0000sidebar
http://geekhistory.com/content/sidebar
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<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader">-</td><td class="diff-deletedline">**[[when-was-internet-invented-jcr-licklider-guides-1960s-arpa-vision| Internet visionary J.C.R. Licklider "Computing's Johnny Appleseed"]]**</td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td><td class="diff-lineheader"> </td><td class="diff-context"></td></tr>
</table>cynic@undisclosed.example.com (cynic)Thu, 02 Jul 2026 22:00:25 +0000kildall_49.jpg - created
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