Geek History

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        <title>Geek History</title>
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            <title>Geek History</title>
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        <item>
            <title>1980s-internet-protocols-become-universal-language-computers</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/1980s-internet-protocols-become-universal-language-computers</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/25 23:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf set standards TCP/IP becomes universal language&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The internet was not something born of a single idea, but rather a gradual evolution, and the work of many people over many years.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The idea started with a vision to create a decentralized computer network, whereby every computer was connected to each other, but if one member of the systems was hit, the others would remain unaffected.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;From the initial idea of a decentralized computer network came the concept of packet switching. During the 1960s Paul Baran developed the concept of packet switching networks while conducting research at the historic RAND organization.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;What is a Protocol?&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The network concept of protocols establishes a set of rules for each system to speak the others language in order for them to communicate. Once the concept of packet switching was developed the next stage in the evolution was to create a language that would be understood by all computer systems.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;This new standard set of rules would enable different types of computers, with different hardware and software platforms,&amp;#160; to communicate in spite of their differences.&amp;#160; Protocols describe both the format that a message must take as well as the way in which messages are exchanged between computers.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The next phase in the evolution of the Internet would be the work of Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf during the 1970s. Kahn and Cerf would collaborate as key members of a team to create TCP/IP, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), the building blocks of the modern internet.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;TCP/IP becomes the language of the Internet&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Bob Kahn joined ARPA&amp;#039;s Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) in 1972 as a program manager and initiated projects in network security, digital speech transmission, and packet radio. In the spring of 1973, Kahn approached Vinton Cerf with the idea of developing a system for interconnecting networks.&amp;#160; Kahn and Cerf invited experts from around the world to discuss the interconnecting networks design at a seminar in June 1973.&amp;#160; Cerf and Kahn outlined the resulting Internet architecture in May 1974, published as &amp;quot;A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1981 the TCP/IP standards were published as RFCs 791, 792 and 793 and adopted for use. In computer network engineering, a Request for Comments (RFC) is a formal document published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to establish Internet standards.&amp;#160; On January 1, 1983, TCP/IP protocols became the only approved protocol on the ARPANET, the predecessor to today&amp;#039;s internet.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Many additional members of the TCP/IP family of protocols continue to be developed, expanding of the basic principals established by Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf back in the 1970s.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 22:06:52 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>anything-one-man-can-imagine-other-men-can-make-real</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/anything-one-man-can-imagine-other-men-can-make-real</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/03/12 01:00&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Anything one man can imagine other men can make real ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Greatest Geek Visionaries**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the modern media of the 21st century people often complain that the news seems to focus on problems rather than solutions. As we study geek history, we find many examples of the news media telling what can&amp;#039;t be done while someone was in the process of showing us what is possible.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Transmit speech electrically? Who would believe it?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the 1870s there were three different inventors working on the technology to transmit speech electrically that would become our telephone system.&amp;#160; Thankfully they did not believe what they read in the newspaper back then.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1865 an editorial in the Boston Post stated that, &amp;quot;Well informed people know it is impossible to transmit the voice over wires and that were it possible to do so, the thing would be of no practical value.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;A New York news item from 1868 reports, &amp;quot;A man has been arrested in New York for attempting to extort funds from ignorant and superstitious people by exhibiting a device which he says will convey the human voice any distance over metallic wires so that it will be heard by the listener at the other end. He calls this instrument a telephone. Well-informed people know that it is impossible to transmit the human voice over wires.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;We&amp;#039;ll talk about those inventors who did the impossible in an upcoming chapter.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Jules Verne was a true visionary**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ :verne_geekweb2.jpg?400|}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There were many people who could look into the future and see what was possible, such as a true visionary Jules Verne, who was quoted in 1865 as saying, &amp;quot;In spite of the opinions of certain narrow-minded people who would shut up the human race upon this globe, we shall one day travel to the moon, the planets, and the stars with the same facility, rapidity and certainty as we now make the ocean voyage from Liverpool to New York.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;You will usually find the biography of Jules Verne describing him as a 19th century French author, not a scientist or an engineer.&amp;#160; In many ways Jules Verne was as much a true inventor and visionary as others from his time period who we would call scientists.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1865 Verne&amp;#039;s novel, &amp;quot;From the Earth to the Moon,&amp;quot; told the story of three men who launched a space capsule from Florida in order to visit the moon and return to earth. The space capsule also performs a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean on the return trip.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Keep in mind Verne was a 19th century French author living in France, but he correctly predicted the first manned mission to the moon would launch from Florida a century before NASA and anything space related existed in America.&amp;#160; Verne&amp;#039;s novel, &amp;quot;From the Earth to the Moon,&amp;quot; contained many strikingly similar details to the 1969 NASA Apollo 11 mission, which launched a space capsule containing three men that would visit the moon and return to earth with a splashdown landing in the Pacific Ocean.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In Jules Verne&amp;#039;s 1872 novel A Journey to the Center of the Earth, the narrator tells of a brilliant portable battery lamp used by the underground explorers. The device was powered by a Ruhmkorf coil; a high voltage buzzer-type induction coil popular among early electrical experimenters.&amp;#160; Verne was drawing upon experimental knowledge of his day for what he calls this ingenious application of electricity to practical purposes.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the visionary story published in the 1870s, &amp;quot;Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea,&amp;quot; Jules Verne describes an electric powered submarine he called the Nautilus. The Nautilus is designed and commanded by Captain Nemo in Verne&amp;#039;s book.&amp;#160; Electricity is provided by sodium mercury electric batteries. The energy needed to extract the sodium is provided by coal mined from the sea floor. Jules Verne&amp;#039;s concept of using sodium and mercury for batteries in his novel &amp;quot;Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea&amp;quot; laid the groundwork for modern sodium-ion batteries.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Keep in mind, Jules Verne was not a scientist or an engineer, he was a 19th century French writer living in France.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Leonardo da Vinci the greatest geek visionary**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ ::davincivisionary.jpg|}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;As a geek myself I am totally fascinated by the long list of things Leonardo Da Vinci worked on as a civil engineer.&amp;#160; Quoting from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers article, &amp;quot; He studied and designed war instruments such as tanks, catapults, submarines, machine guns, and other weapons. He also focused on mechanics of levers, gears, cranes, hydraulics, ball bearings, bicycles, and flying machines. He displayed civil engineering talents as well, with geometry studies and architectural designs of domed churches, fortresses, and canals.&amp;quot;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Leonardo Da Vinci wrote a famous letter to the Duke of Milan in 1483. It was basically a job application and cover letter combined.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;Leonardo Da Vinci boasted: &amp;quot;In case of a siege, I know how to dry up the water of the moats and how to construct an infinite number of bridges, covered ways, scaling ladders, and other machines for this type of enterprise.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Leonardo da Vinci is perhaps the greatest visionary to have ever lived. Leonardo saw the possibilities of flying machines in the 1500s, and designed in theory many examples of flying machines, centuries before the Wright Brothers launched their plane at Kitty Hawk. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;For centuries the fame of Leonardo rested on his achievements as a painter, with the creation of the Last Supper, painting the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan, and the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa.&amp;#160; His artistic creations and career in art alone is enough for Leonardo to be a legend.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Leonardo da Vinci&amp;#039;s anatomical drawings are far ahead of their time. His studies and detailed drawings of the human skeleton, internal organs, muscular system are beyond belief.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Keep in mind we are talking about a man who lived in the 1500s.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Leonardo da Vinci defines the term Renaissance Man. You would be hard pressed to come up with a name of a person who was as accomplished in as many different fields as Leonardo da Vinci.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Visionaries see the possibilities**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;FvGRXv0WVsQ |They Saw the Future... And Skeptics Laughed}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In upcoming chapters we&amp;#039;ll talk about the visionaries that created today&amp;#039;s internet. Many people point to an article published in 1945, &amp;quot;As We May Think&amp;quot; by Vannevar Bush, as the earliest published vision of the concept of hypertext and the world wide web.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Although Vannevar Bush was contemplating the aftermath of World War II, it took the Russians launching spy satellite Sputnik in 1957, and the fear of World War III, before the highway system of the ARPAnet was built in the 1960s. As the ARPAnet evolved into the internet, a world wide web of documents could now be implemented. Tim Berners-Lee developed HTML, and the vision of Vannevar Bush became the world wide web.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Some people dream of success while others wake up and work hard at it&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;** [[search-greatest-inventors-and-technology-innovators| In search of the greatest inventors and technology innovators]]**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 19:09:59 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>automotive-innovators-henry-ford-and-ransom-eli-olds</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/automotive-innovators-henry-ford-and-ransom-eli-olds</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/25 23:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Automotive Innovators Henry Ford and Ransom Eli Olds ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Rather than debate the &amp;quot;who invented it&amp;quot; aspect of the automobile, we look at the evolution of the auto industry in America with a comparison of two early innovators and pioneers in the Auto industry, Henry Ford and Ransom Eli Olds. It is a study in innovation, a study of success, and a study of personal drive and entrepreneurial spirit.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The Olds Motor Vehicle Company**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In America, Ransom Eli Olds was a true pioneer in the automotive industry, in 1886 he began experimenting with a steam-powered engine and would receive his first patent for a gasoline-powered car.&amp;#160; Olds founded the Olds Motor Vehicle Company to manufacture it in 1897.&amp;#160; In 1899 Olds sold the company to Samuel L. Smith, who relocated the company from&amp;#160; Lansing, Michigan to Detroit. Smith became President while Olds became vice president and general manager.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Ransom Olds is credited with designing the basic concept of the assembly line. By 1901 Olds had built 11 prototype vehicles, including at least one of each power mode: steam, electricity and gasoline. At the Old Motor Works in Detroit he mass produced the Curved Dash Oldsmobile becoming the leading American auto producer from 1901 through 1904.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Most people would recognize the name Ransom Olds as the founder of the more well known brand created by Olds that would become Oldmobile, but his association with that company lasted only a few short years. As Smith&amp;#039;s son Frederic came into the business, he and Olds clashed frequently. Ransom Olds would leave the Olds Motor Works in 1904.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;General Motors purchased the Olds Motor Works in 1908. The Oldsmobile brand was discontinued by General Motors in 2004.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The REO Motor Company**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;After leaving Olds Motor works, Ransom Eli Olds went on to form to the REO Motor Company in Lansing, Michigan in 1905.&amp;#160; By 1907 he had built REO into one of the automotive industry’s leaders. While Ford began modifying technology to produce cheaper vehicles, Ransom Olds favored a bigger, more expensive automobile. Ransom Olds would serve as president of REO Motor Car Company until 1925, and would serve on the board of directors until he stepped away entirely from REO in 1936.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1938 it was reorganized as REO Motors, Inc., a bus and truck company.&amp;#160; REO merged with Diamond T Trucks in 1967 to form Diamond-Reo Trucks. The company went out of business in 1975.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The Henry Ford Company and Cadillac**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The Detroit Automobile Company was Henry Ford&amp;#039;s first attempt at automobile manufacturing, lasting from only 1899 to 1901. The Henry Ford Company was the second company for Henry Ford, founded November, 1901. Henry Ford was trying to create a name for himself in the auto racing community.&amp;#160; Ford believed having his name associated with a race winning automobile was a valuable asset.&amp;#160; His partners and financial backers, William Murphy and Lemuel Bowen, did not agree, and asked Ford to give up auto racing. Instead Ford walked away from The Henry Ford Company.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;William Murphy and his partners at the Henry Ford Company hired Henry Leland to appraise the company&amp;#039;s factory and other assets to be liquidated. Leland advised Murphy and his partners that should not liquidate the company, and suggested they instead reorganize. The reorganized company was named after Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, the founder of Detroit, Michigan. The Cadillac crest is based on his coat of arms.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;Cadillac&amp;#039;s first car produced in 1902 was based on Henry Ford&amp;#039;s design and was essentially identical to the 1903 Ford Model A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Leland sold Cadillac to General Motors in 1909, and remained on as an executive until 1917. The company that was born from the reorganized Henry Ford Company continues on today as the Cadillac division of General Motors more than a century later.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The Ford Motor Company**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Founded by Henry Ford in 1903, The Ford Motor Company has become one of the world&amp;#039;s largest and most profitable automotve companies over the past century.&amp;#160; As we said in search of the greatest inventors and technology innovators, Henry Ford didn&amp;#039;t invent the assembly line, nor did he invent the concept of an automotive assembly line. Ransom Eli Olds, for whom both the Oldsmobile and REO brands were named, is credited with designing the basic concept of the assembly line. But Henry Ford was the first to use a moving assembly line to manufacture cars. Henry Ford perfected the assembly line producing a entire Model T Ford in 93 minutes. Henry Ford created lower cost automobiles, and created an industry.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Henry Ford and Ransom Eli Olds**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Ransom Olds would be compared to Henry Ford in his invention and innovation in the auto industry.&amp;#160; Henry Ford is the name we all know, but the similarities between Henry Ford and Ransom Eli Olds are pretty interesting. Both men were experimenting with new concepts in automobiles in the late 1890s, both men left the initial companies they created over disputes with management.&amp;#160; The Ford Motor Company was started in 1903, The REO Motor Company in 1905. Both companies were initially successful, but Henry Ford had the personal drive and entrepreneurial spirit that took him beyond just starting up a business. Henry Ford was creating an industry. Ford was an innovator that kept pushing, and succeeding.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;We look at Ransom Eli Olds as the forgotten geek in automotive invention much in the same sense that we describe George Westinghouse as a quiet man who avoided the spotlight unlike his rival Thomas Edison. Ransom E. Olds seems to be a quiet and somewhat mysterious figure unlike his rival Henry Ford.&amp;#160; Searching numerous public domain sources for a photo of Ransom Olds only produced the one you see on this article, found at the Library of Congress taken during a 1924 visit to the White House.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Geek History explores automotive innovation and invention**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;As we created the Geek History website, some topics were a natural, such as the history of the internet and modern electronics at Silicon Valley. But as we studied Thomas Edison our research became more intertwined with Henry Ford and the automotive industry. we saw that the exploration of automotive innovation and invention was a natural extension of our Geek History website.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Join Geek History as we explore automotive innovation and invention at Altered Automotive.&amp;#160; Learn more about the great automotive inventors like Ford and Olds as we explore the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit and the R.E. Olds Transportation Museum in Lansing, Michigan.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 13:01:40 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>early-television-technology-frequently-asked-questions</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/early-television-technology-frequently-asked-questions</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/03/08 06:32&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Frequently asked questions about television technology ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ ::crt_460.jpg?400|}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;As&amp;#160; we look at the history of television, I wanted to tackle some of the&amp;#160; frequently asked questions about the origins of the technology, as well&amp;#160; as share some cool resources on movies and television.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;One&amp;#160; commonly asked question is why the early televisions had round screens.&amp;#160; The television picture tube was a vacuum tube that contains one or more&amp;#160; electron guns and a phosphorescent screen used to display images known&amp;#160; as a cathode ray tubes (CRT).  When the original cathode ray tube was&amp;#160; invented it was an experimental device, television was not yet&amp;#160; developed. The natural shape of the cathode ray tube was round, as shown&amp;#160; here in the diagram. The cheapest and easiest way to manufacture a CRT&amp;#160; was to make it round.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The television picture is created on the&amp;#160; surface of the cathode ray tube by drawing it rapidly line by line. The&amp;#160; entire front area of the CRT is scanned repetitively and systematically&amp;#160; in a fixed pattern. Before 1940 there was no standard in the United&amp;#160; States for how the picture was created electronically using the cathode&amp;#160; ray tube.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1940 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)&amp;#160; established The National Television System Committee (NTSC) to resolve&amp;#160; the conflicts that were made between companies over the introduction of a&amp;#160; nation wide analog television system in the United States.  The NTSC&amp;#160; standard selected 525 scan lines, an aspect ratio of 4:3, and frequency&amp;#160; modulation (FM) for the sound signal. The number of 525 lines was chosen&amp;#160; as a because of the limitations of the vacuum-tube-based technologies&amp;#160; of the day.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Why an aspect ratio of 4:3?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The&amp;#160; term aspect ratio is used in many fields to describe the proportional&amp;#160; relationship between width and height, expressed as two numbers&amp;#160; separated by a colon. For example when we say that the early televisions&amp;#160; had an aspect ratio of 4:3, that means they are 4 units wide and 3&amp;#160; units high.  The early television standard of the 4:3 aspect ratio was&amp;#160; chosen because movies in that era were filmed in a 4:3 aspect ratio.&amp;#160; Movies originally photographed on 35 mm film could be satisfactorily&amp;#160; viewed on early televisions.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Motion pictures, a series of still&amp;#160; images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving&amp;#160; images, or as we sometimes call them, movies, are a different field from&amp;#160; television.  But the early days of motion pictures actually set the&amp;#160; standard for the concept of aspect ratio, the relationship of height to&amp;#160; width of an image. For many years the standard movie screen, as well as&amp;#160; the standard analog television, had an aspect ratio of 4:3.  &amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The evolution of round screens to rectangular**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The&amp;#160; cheapest and easiest way to manufacture a CRT was to make it round. But&amp;#160; the aspect ration of 4:3 lends itself to a more rectangular design. The&amp;#160; CRT slowly evolved to being essentially rectangular in shape but it had&amp;#160; rounded edges because it was a glass tube. You could not create a&amp;#160; perfect rectangle using the process that created the glass cathode ray&amp;#160; tubes in the early days of television.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;If you look at the photo of various televisions you see a variety of&amp;#160; screen sizes as well as shapes, and you can see the evolution of round&amp;#160; screens to rectangular. The attached photograph was taken at the&amp;#160; National Capital Radio and Television Museum, a cool little geek history&amp;#160; museum located in Bowie, Maryland. It is a small house jam-packed with&amp;#160; displays on the history of radio and television. The extremely&amp;#160; knowledgeable staff was full of stories about everything on display and&amp;#160; ready to answer any question. The museum does a great job of preserving&amp;#160; technology history.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Increasing the number of channels**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;During&amp;#160; the 1940s and the 1950s broadcast television stations in the United&amp;#160; States were primarily transmitted on the VHF band, channels 2-13.  If&amp;#160; you live in a large city you will notice the long established stations&amp;#160; usually are lower numbered.  Television manufacturers like RCA, ran&amp;#160; their own networks, such as NBC. Since the major TV networks were&amp;#160; well-established on VHF, many smaller stations on the UHF band, channels&amp;#160; 14 to 83, were struggling for survival. Fourth-network operators such&amp;#160; as the DuMont Television Network were forced to expand using UHF&amp;#160; channels due to a lack of available VHF channels.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1961 the&amp;#160; United States Congress passed the All-Channel Receiver Act (ACRA) to&amp;#160; allow the Federal Communications Commission to require that all&amp;#160; television set manufacturers must include UHF tuners. All new TV sets&amp;#160; sold after 1964 had built-in UHF tuners.  The All-Channel Receiver Act&amp;#160; allowed the UHF TV stations to grow and eventually would outnumber the&amp;#160; long established VHF stations.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;What happened to Channel 1?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When&amp;#160; I was young, and the television had a rotary dial that took me from&amp;#160; channels 2 through 13, I always wondered, what happened to channel 1? In&amp;#160; 1948, Channel 1 frequencies were deleted from those allocated to&amp;#160; television use and given over completely to radio services. The FCC&amp;#160; decided not to renumber the channels since many televisions were being&amp;#160; made using the existing channel numbers.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**History of Television resources**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;If&amp;#160; you want to learn more about television, from the perspective of the&amp;#160; appliance that sits in your living room, rather than from the&amp;#160; broadcasting side, there is a great pair of videos by RCA.  Reasons Why,&amp;#160; The (Part I) (1959) and Reasons Why, The (Part II) (1959) are two&amp;#160; videos that can be watched online or downloaded for later viewing. &amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Reasons Why, The (Part I)  https://archive.org/details/reasons_why_1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Reasons Why, The (Part II)  https://archive.org/details/reasons_why_2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Classic&amp;#160; scenes of geeks from the 1950s showing various facets of television set&amp;#160; design, engineering, and quality control. The RCA manufacturing videos&amp;#160; are part of a section of the Internet Archive known as the Prelinger&amp;#160; Archives, a collection of over 60,000 advertising, educational,&amp;#160; industrial, and amateur films.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Created in 1992 primarily to&amp;#160; document the history of the Cathode Ray Tube it does a nice job of&amp;#160; illustrating the basic concept of the CRT. It also includes a bit of&amp;#160; television history showing the evolution of the CRT.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Cathode Ray Tube https://archive.org/details/KF.BraunCathodeRayTube&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;A&amp;#160; propaganda infomercial by RCA to brag about what they have done in the&amp;#160; world of television. Not the most historically accurate account of&amp;#160; television, but still a very interesting bit of geek history.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Story of Television  Published 1956 https://archive.org/details/Story_of_Television_The&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Free online movies great digital library&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Spending&amp;#160; a Saturday morning at the Internet Archives (archive.org) is like going&amp;#160; to the library or your favorite museum, and the best part about it is&amp;#160; that you don&amp;#039;t need to leave the comfort of your home computer desk.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;All&amp;#160; of the video files can be viewed for free online, and many are&amp;#160; available to be downloaded and viewed offline. The Internet Archive does&amp;#160; a decent job of making sure copyrights are not violated.  Most of the&amp;#160; files are public domain, but some may occasionally have some&amp;#160; restrictions for use and are marked as to how they may be used.  Because&amp;#160; copyright laws have changed from time to time over the years, many of&amp;#160; the files are considered public domain, or copyright free, for a variety&amp;#160; of reasons.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The Internet Archive does a decent job of making&amp;#160; sure copyrights are not violated.  Most of the files are public domain,&amp;#160; but some may occasionally have some restrictions for use and are marked&amp;#160; as to how they may be used.  Because copyright laws have changed from&amp;#160; time to time over the years, many of the files are considered public&amp;#160; domain, or copyright free, for a variety of reasons.  All of the video&amp;#160; files can be viewed for free online, and many are available to be&amp;#160; downloaded and viewed offline.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;National Capital Radio and Television Museum, a cool little geek history museum in Bowie, Maryland.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The Internet Archive is a non-profit organization on a mission to build a digital library. Just like a visit to your favorite museum or traditional paper library, they provide&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;free access to researchers, historians, scholars, and the general public to digital files on a wide variety of topics.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The Internet Archive is non-profit organization on a mission to build a digital library providing free access to researchers, historians, scholars, and the general public&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;While the Internet Archive has a large collection of videos on a wide variety of topics, in this article we will take a look at some of the videos that would be a great&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;resource for anyone studying the history of television. The file descriptions contain links to the site from where the files can be viewed or downloaded.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;http://geekhistory.com/content/early-television-technology-frequently-asked-questions&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 00:14:02 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>gary-kildall-bio</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/gary-kildall-bio</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/06/09 21:45&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== The Forgotten Genius of Gary Kildall ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{:kildall_49.jpg}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Gary Kildall is the forgotten geek should be remembered for creating the first programming language and first compiler specifically for microprocessors and the first microprocessor disk operating system.**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The mythology tells the story of Gary Kildall as a man who could have been the next Bill Gates, that was screwed over by IBM, cheated by Microsoft, and died in a fight in a biker bar.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary Kildall is one of the founders of the personal computer industry, but you probably don’t know his name. Usually when someone talks about DOS referring to the microcomputer Disk Operating System they are usually talking about Microsoft DOS.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Many geek history websites will tell you about Microsoft DOS being created in 1980, they often overlook CP/M developed in 1974 by Gary Kildall.&amp;#160; In fact, it makes me angry that the work of Gary Kildall is very often not mentioned in the history of desktop computer operating systems.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I recently stumbled upon some videos from the mid 1980s and watched Gary Kildall explaining CP/M. Those 1980s videos brought back memories as I remembered the first desktop computers, I worked on used CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers).&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary Kildall&amp;#039;s name doesn&amp;#039;t get mentioned much, neither does CP/M, but they are a very important chapter in desktop computer history. Now that I have Kindall&amp;#039;s story on my mind and have some old videos to using for creating some geek history snippets, I have more to follow up with in the weeks ahead. For today, I just getting started on telling the story of another often-forgotten geek, Gary Kildall.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Gary Kildall BIO**&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary Kildall grew up in Seattle, Washington, the son of a Norwegian‑heritage sea captain who ran a seamanship school. Maybe that’s where Gary got his love of adventure—because he spent his life chasing the things that made him feel alive: flying, sports cars, racing, boating, and anything that involved motion and risk. He loved the sea, but he also loved the sky.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;He earned a bachelor’s in mathematics in 1967 and a master’s in computer science in 1968, both from the University of Washington. When the Vietnam War draft came calling, he fulfilled his obligation by teaching at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. Afterward, he returned to UW and completed his doctorate in computer science in 1972.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Then came the moment that should have made him a household name.**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1974, in Pacific Grove, California, Gary Kildall demonstrated the first working prototype of CP/M—the operating system that would dominate early microcomputers. And he didn’t stop there. He also created the BIOS, the Basic Input/Output System, the little piece of magic that lets a computer talk to its disk drives. That concept first appeared in CP/M in 1975, and yes, variations of it still exist in modern PCs. Gary wasn’t just ahead of the curve—he drew the curve.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Digital Research is born**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1976, Gary and his wife Dorothy founded a company with a name only a true geek could love: Intergalactic Digital Research. Eventually they shortened it to Digital Research, Inc., but the spirit stayed the same. They marketed CP/M through hobbyist magazines, and for a while, CP/M was the operating system for microcomputers.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The IBM meeting that became mythology**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1980, IBM approached Digital Research to license CP/M‑86 for their new IBM PC. Gary did what he often did—he left the initial business negotiations to Dorothy while he and colleague Tom Rolander flew Gary’s private plane to deliver software to a client.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;IBM insisted Dorothy sign a non‑disclosure agreement before even explaining why they were there. Dorothy refused without Gary’s approval. When Gary returned later that day, he tried to resume the conversation, but from here the story splinters into competing versions—depending on whether you’re hearing it from IBM, Microsoft, or someone who just likes a good myth.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;What we do know is this: IBM walked away frustrated, Microsoft stepped in, and the world got MS‑DOS.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**DRI vs. IBM and Microsoft**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When Gary later saw an early copy of MS‑DOS, he was furious at the similarities to CP/M. At a meeting with IBM, he agreed not to sue for copyright infringement if IBM would market his version alongside theirs.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;IBM agreed—sort of.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;What they didn’t tell him was that PC‑DOS would sell for $40, while CP/M‑86 would sell for $240. A six‑to‑one price difference. A rigged game. A “let the market decide” setup where the market had already been told which answer was correct.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In a 1995 episode of Computer Chronicles, Tom Rolander recalled how stunned they were when they learned about the pricing. They had no idea IBM planned to stack the deck that heavily.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary believed IBM intentionally priced CP/M‑86 out of the market to marginalize Digital Research. And honestly, looking at the numbers, it’s hard to argue with him.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;This was the moment that changed him. The moment the creative technologist became a frustrated businessman. The moment the drinking began. His colleagues said the IBM experience haunted him. He spent years being asked, “Are you the guy who blew off IBM to go flying?”—a myth he never escaped.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In later years, he grew increasingly bitter about being overshadowed by Microsoft. And the alcoholism worsened.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Gary and Dorothy&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary and Dorothy were partners in every sense at the beginning—co‑founders, collaborators, a team. But the years that followed were not kind. By 1983, they separated and later divorced. Dorothy’s role in the early success of Digital Research is undeniable, yet history rarely mentions her.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The ultimate insult&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1992, the University of Washington held a 25th‑anniversary event for its computer science program. Gary, one of its most distinguished graduates, was invited—not to speak, but to sit in the audience. The keynote speaker? Bill Gates. A Harvard dropout who had never attended UW but had donated money.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary took it as the insult it was.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The death of a pioneer**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;On July 8, 1994, at age 52, Gary Kildall sustained a head injury at the Franklin Street Bar &amp;amp; Grill, a biker bar in Monterey, California. The exact circumstances remain unclear. The autopsy found evidence of chronic alcoholism. Early reports considered the possibility of homicide. The coroner noted the injury may have resulted from foul play. Police investigated but never reached a definitive conclusion.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary was cremated, and his remains were buried in Evergreen Washelli Memorial Park in north Seattle.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The final battle**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The last chapter of Digital Research vs. Microsoft played out after Gary’s death.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Years earlier, Gary had offered to sell Digital Research to Bill Gates for $26 million. Gates told him the company was worth no more than $10 million.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1991, Gary sold Digital Research to Novell for $120 million.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Five years later, in 1996, Caldera acquired the Digital Research assets from Novell and immediately filed an antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft—one of the few times the score was even partially settled.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary never wanted to file suit against Microsoft because he always believed that in the end excellence in programming would win in the marketplace.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary wasn&amp;#039;t alive to see it, the final battle of Digital Research versus Microsoft was a victory for Digital Research.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Closing thoughts**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The article announcing Kildall&amp;#039;s death in the Seattle times, Kildall&amp;#039;s home town, was titled &amp;quot;A Career Spent In Gates&amp;#039; Shadow&amp;quot;&amp;#160; &amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Writing this script renewed my appreciation of Gary Kildall, as a forgotten geek that deserves to be remember for his many accomplishments.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Writing this script also reminded me of the ruthless nature of Bill Gates.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Written in the months before his death in 1994, Kildall&amp;#039;s privately circulated memoir contains the following, &amp;quot;I have grown up in the industry with Gates. He is divisive. He is manipulative. He is a user. He has taken much from me and the industry.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I wrote this script from perspective of telling the story of Gary Kildall without getting too deep into the geek speak and buzzwords of the personal computer industry.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Kildall had a very kind heart and never sued Microsoft or IBM for cheating him. Instead, he went on to host the show Computer Chronicles and later on died a mysterious death in a biker’s bar, where he sustained multiple head injuries.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary Kildall, was one of the founders of the personal computer industry, but you probably don’t know his name.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary viewed computers as learning tools rather than profit engines.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;He laid the ground work from which all personal computers evolved.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;#geek #history #operatingsystems&amp;#160; #technology #innovation #inspiration #whatinspiresme&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://www.digitalresearch.biz/DR/Info/f_lw-01-vcontrol_4.html&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19940714/1920286/a-career-spent-in-gates-shadow----computer-pioneer-dies-at-52&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19940716/1920582/computer-pioneers-death-probed----kildall-called-possible-victim-of-homicide&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://dfarq.homeip.net/gary-kildalls-death-investigation/&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://www.digitalresearch.biz/index.htm&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://archive.org/details/Operatin1984&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://computerhistory.org/blog/in-his-own-words-gary-kildall/&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;http://www.digitalresearch.biz/CPM.HTM&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://computerhistory.org/press-releases/kildall-memoirs-release/&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://computerhistory.org/blog/in-his-own-words-gary-kildall/&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;#9 The Forgotten Genius of Gary Kildall&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The Legacy of Forgotten Genius Gary Kildall&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gary Kildall should have been one of the most famous names in computer history. Instead, he became a footnote. Gary Kildall was overshadowed by IBM, erased by Microsoft, and buried under decades of mythology.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;This video tells the real story of Gary Kildall:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;the creator of CP/M, inventor of the BIOS, co‑founder of Digital Research, and one of the true architects of the personal computer revolution.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;He wasn’t the reckless guy who “blew off IBM to go flying.”&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;He wasn’t the myth.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;He was a brilliant, adventurous, easygoing technologist whose work shaped the desktop computers we still use today.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;From the IBM negotiations to the MS‑DOS takeover, from the price‑rigging that crushed CP/M to the personal toll it took on him, this is the story of a pioneer who deserved better—and deserves to be remembered.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;#GaryKildall #TechHistory #CPM #DigitalResearch #forgottengeeks&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;#geekhistory #crankycynic&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/HH7lPXiU2SY&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Titles Fortnote Sabe Game 8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;See the complete&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;video on YouTube&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;@CrankyCynic&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/HH7lPXiU2SY&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Learn about Gary Kildall. It&amp;#039;s a Shakespearean tragedy set in the early 1980s.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 21:46:24 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>geekhistory-explores-who-invented-radio</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/geekhistory-explores-who-invented-radio</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/03/11 19:53&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Geekhistory explores who invented radio ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ :radioinvented640.jpg?400|}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Answering the question of &amp;quot;who invented radio&amp;quot; is another example of the complexities of defining inventors of inventions. There is no one &amp;quot;eureka&amp;quot; moment where a lone inventor in a lab created something totally new that changed everything.&amp;#160; Radio was an ongoing evolution of an idea over time. It is not as simple as picking out a single individual, or even a single point in time, that was the turning point in the creation of radio.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I started my career in technology in the 1970s working on military communications and citizens band radios. As I studied technology I remember Guglielmo Marconi was often mentioned as the &amp;quot;father of radio.&amp;quot; Over time I have come to realize that Marconi is one of many contributions to the technology of radio.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;What makes that task even more difficult with radio is that the term itself does not define a simple single item.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When I say radio, do you think of music broadcast over the airwaves? When I say wireless do you think of voice communications?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The concept of radio continues to evolve. In the early half of the 21st century the term wireless could be used to describe a short-range computer networking system, with technologies such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. The term wireless is also applied to a mobile telephone system.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The concept of radio started as&amp;#160; the transmission of telegraph messages without connecting wires.&amp;#160; The etymology of &amp;quot;radio&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;radiotelegraphy&amp;quot; reveals that it was called &amp;quot;wireless telegraphy&amp;quot; which was later shortened to &amp;quot;wireless.&amp;quot;&amp;#160; &amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Radio visionaries**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Michael Faraday is best known for his work regarding electricity and magnetism. Faraday began his great series of experiments in 1831 on the concepts of electromagnetic induction.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;James Clerk Maxwell introduced the concept of electromagnetic field in the 1860s. Based on the earlier experimental work of Faraday and other scientists and on his own modification to Ampere&amp;#039;s law, James Clerk Maxwell developed his theory of electromagnetism, which predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Heinrich Rudolf Hertz conduct a series of experiments between 1886 and 1889 that validated Maxwell&amp;#039;s theory.&amp;#160; The unit of frequency, cycle per second, was named the &amp;quot;hertz&amp;quot; in his honor.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The son of a wealthy Italian landowner, Guglielmo Marconi used the upper floor of his parents Bologna estate as a laboratory. In the 1890s Marconi duplicated Heinrich Hertz’s experiments and succeeded in sending signals over long distances&amp;#160; Marconi&amp;#039;s first experiments in wireless telegraphy were aimed at communicating without wires at increasing ranges.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;By 1899 Marconi was constructing wireless stations on both sides of the English Channel and in 1901 he installed transmitters powerful enough to send messages across the Atlantic. The often cited reason that Marconi is considered the &amp;quot;father of radio&amp;quot; that he allegedly sent the first wireless signal across Atlantic in 1901.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Guglielmo Marconi and his assistant, George Kemp, heard the faint clicks of Morse code for the letter &amp;quot;s&amp;quot; transmitted without wires across the Atlantic Ocean on December 12, 1901. His claim to have successfully completed the transmission is disputed by some scientists of his day because the only witness was George Kemp, and the signals were too weak to operate an automatic recorder.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Although skeptics take issue with Marconi&amp;#039;s initial claim of sending a signal across the Atlantic in 1901, Marconi would conduct additional tests in 1902, which were witnessed by others and recorded. Marconi began to build high-powered stations on both sides of the Atlantic to communicate with ships at sea in the years that followed his initial testing.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Some people say that Marconi was credited with the invention of radio because he had the financial backing of Andrew Carnegie, a great money man of the period. Marconi lived a transatlantic existence, working in both Europe and the United States to promote radio. But naming the father of radio is a complex issue of many inventors from various parts of the world working on experiments over many decades.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Nikola Tesla**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The supporters of Tesla will tell you that Marconi used Tesla&amp;#039;s patents to invent the radio.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The science of electromagnetic fields and radio waves encompasses many things. For instance, in the case of Nikola Tesla, one of his patents was for a &amp;quot;Method of an Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles.&amp;quot; In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a radio controlled boat during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden in New York City. That&amp;#039;s pretty cool, and as far as I know, that is the first demonstration of its kind. Tesla&amp;#039;s work in the areas of electromagnetic fields and radio waves were part of his grand system of transmission of electric energy, but Tesla had very little interest in the technical development of wireless communications.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Nikola Tesla should not be called the father of radio, nor the sole inventor of radio, but in the context of Nikola Tesla&amp;#039;s life work, a lot of his more significant experiments were in the areas of electromagnetic fields and radio waves.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Jagadish Chandra Bose**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The supporters of J.C Bose will tell you that Marconi used Bose&amp;#039;s design of the coherer to invent the radio.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;As far as Jagadish Chandra Bose his contribution to the concept of radio and radio waves was also significant. In 1894 J.C.Bose demonstrated the use of radio waves in Calcutta by igniting gunpowder to ring a bell using electromagnetic waves. His demonstration confirmed that communication signals can be sent without using wires. In 1895 J.C. Bose perfected a component used in early radio receivers called the coherer. Supporters of Jagadish Chandra Bose claim that the coherer designed by Bose was used by Marconi in his radio experiments that followed. Bose had a pretty diverse and extensive career in science and technology, he was similar to Tesla in the sense that his work in the area of radio was something he did along the way to other experiments. Jagadish Chandra Bose is one of many I would mention on the long list of forgotten geeks in the world of technology.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Reginald Aubrey Fessenden**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In answer to the question of who invented radio there are some Canadian members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers that will be quick to point out that Canadian inventor Reginald Aubrey Fessenden should be recognized as the &amp;quot;father of radio.&amp;quot; Reginald Fessenden demonstrated the first wireless transmission of music and the human voice without wires to a receiver on Christmas Eve 1906 when he transmitted a Christmas concert to ships at sea.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Even the geeks at organizations like the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers have ongoing debates over who invented radio. You will find a few articles on the Canadian IEEE website on the work of Reginald Aubrey Fessenden.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Fessenden had an interesting career having worked with both Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse. In 1886 Fessenden began working directly for Thomas Edison at the laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey as a junior technician. Fessenden helped the Westinghouse Corporation install the lighting for the 1893 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago. George Westinghouse personally recruited Fessenden for the newly created position of chair of the Electrical Engineering department at the Western University of Pennsylvania, which later became the University of Pittsburgh.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Dr. Mahlon Loomis**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;From the mid-1860s until his death in 1886, Washington, D.C. dentist, Dr. Mahlon Loomis, explored wireless technology. Loomis claimed he developed a method of transmitting and receiving messages using the earth&amp;#039;s atmosphere as a conductor. Loomis sent up kites covered with a copper screen and connected to the ground with copper wires. The kites were 18 miles apart flying from two West Virginia mountaintops.&amp;#160; Loomis made numerous unsubstantiated claims that he had actually used his system for long-distance wireless communication, at first telegraphic, and later by wireless telephone for doing &amp;quot;all his talking with his assistant, 20 miles away, by a telephone, the connection being aerial only.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Patent No. 129,971, dated July 30, 1872, issued to Mahlon Loomis has often been said to be the first to describe an aerial wireless telegraph system.&amp;#160; While some have pointed to Loomis as one of the original &amp;quot;inventors&amp;quot; of radio, his claims are pretty weak. Loomis had not identified the names of independent witnesses to his claims of wireless communications, and his patent contains no schematic diagram of how to build it.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Supreme Court Ruling overturns Marconi patents**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The invention of radio seems like it should have been a simple idea, but discussing the concept of radio stirs up some of the most fascination and complex debates over the history of technology. One such debate is over the meaning of the 1943 United States Supreme Court case of Marconi Wireless versus the United States.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Supporters of Nikola Tesla point to the 1943 ruling by the US Supreme Court as &amp;quot;proof&amp;quot; that Tesla should be called the father of radio because Marconi lost the patents to radio.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**As far as the decision proclaiming Nikola Tesla the inventor of radio, the following two sentences are from the remarks of Mr. Chief Justice Stone in delivering the opinion of the Court are pretty clear.**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;//&amp;quot;Marconi&amp;#039;s reputation as the man who first achieved successful radio transmission rests on his original patent, which became reissue No. 11,913, and which is not here [320 U.S. 1, 38] in question. That reputation, however well-deserved, does not entitle him to a patent for every later improvement which he claims in the radio field.&amp;quot;//&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The Supreme Court declared various Marconi patents invalid, it affirmed prior work and patents by not only Nikola Tesla, but also patents that were held by Sir Oliver Lodge and John Stone Stone. The Tesla argument sounds good on the surface, until you read the court ruling. The syllabus at the beginning of the 1943 U.S. Supreme Court decision provides a summary of the ruling. You really have to dig into the decision to find references to Tesla.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Sir Oliver Lodge and John Stone Stone**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I have often said that the more I learn, the more I realize how little I know.&amp;#160; The question of &amp;quot;who invented radio&amp;quot; is definitely an example of that thought. After hearing various claims by Tesla fanboys that the 1943 ruling on the Marconi patent proved that Marconi stole his ideas from Tesla, I took the time to read up on the decision. I found two more names that needed to be added to the list of who invented radio, John Stone Stone and Sir Oliver Lodge.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Sir Oliver Lodge demonstrated an early radio wave detector he named the &amp;quot;coherer.&amp;quot;&amp;#160; The &amp;quot;coherer&amp;quot; is a component used in early radio receivers as a radio signal detector, and was also mentioned by J.C Bose as something Marconi &amp;quot;borrowed&amp;quot; from other inventors.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;John Stone Stone is a forgotten geek who was an avid inventor in the fields of radio and telephone.&amp;#160; John Stone Stone had over 100 patents in the United States covering telegraph and telephone devices and radio technology.&amp;#160; The 1943 Supreme Court ruling that overturned many Marconi patents was in regards to Stone&amp;#039;s 1900 tuning patent having&amp;#160; priority over a similar patent by Marconi. Sadly, the decision came down shortly after Stone&amp;#039;s death.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I don&amp;#039;t take the patents as the ultimate proof of an invention, but they do serve the purpose of putting a time and date stamp on various accomplishments.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**So who invented radio?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The technology of radio is the result of a very long evolution over a period of many years.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The origins of radio can be traced to the theories of Michael Faraday in the 1830s and James Clerk Maxwell in the 1860s. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz studied Maxwell&amp;#039;s theory and conducted scientific experiments proving the existence of radio waves in the 1880s.&amp;#160; The inventors that followed, Guglielmo Marconi, Nikola Tesla, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, Oliver Lodge, and John Stone Stone, all made contributions along the way.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When asked who is the father of radio there can be only one answer, &amp;quot;It&amp;#039;s complicated.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 00:30:23 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>george-westinghouse-forgotten-geek-war-of-currents</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/george-westinghouse-forgotten-geek-war-of-currents</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/25 23:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== George Westinghouse is the forgotten geek in the War of Currents. ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The internet loves to portray the battle as one between rival inventors Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla.&amp;#160; It makes for a good story of the hero, Tesla, defeating his rival, Edison. Both Edison and Tesla were well known at the time, and both a bit crazy.Thomas Edison was a well known inventor riding his success and media attention for inventing the phonograph. Edison leveraged his name and fame to start building DC power plants in New York City. Westinghouse, unlike his rival Edison, did not seek media attention, and was a very private person.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla defeat Edison in Currents WarThe War of Currents was a great science and technology feud in the late 1800s between the Edison Electric Light Company and Westinghouse Electric Company over what electric power transmission system should be used.&amp;#160; The Westinghouse Electric Company supported AC (alternating current) and the Edison Electric Light Company supported DC (direct current).&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The battle for public opinion over which system should be used to power America turned into a nasty smear campaign by Edison. An inventor and electrical engineer named Harold Brown became the front man for a campaign to show the world the dangers of alternating current. Stories are told of how Brown paid local children to collect stray dogs off the street that he used for experiments showing the dangers of alternating current. Despite publicly denouncing capital punishment, Edison secretly financed the alternating current electric chair developed by Brown. Edison launched a media campaign telling the world AC was deadly, using the word &amp;quot;Westinghoused&amp;quot; to describe an execution by electrocution.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The concept of AC power distribution was not a new concept for Westinghouse, he was also an inventor in the gas industry. Westinghouse believed that AC was a better method of power distribution, and believed that electric company founded by his rival Thomas Edison was structurally flawed in its beliefs of using DC power. In 1885 Westinghouse became interested in the inventions of European Inventors Gaulard and Gibbs and purchased the American rights to their patents for AC current transformers. Westinghouse and his staff worked on improving and redesigning the transformers, and the Westinghouse Electric Company was started in 1886.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The Tesla and Westinghouse partnership**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1888 Nikola Tesla presented to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers his polyphase alternating current system in the report&amp;#160; A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;When Westinghouse heard of Nikola Tesla and the Tesla Polyphase System, he knew that could be the final piece he needed in building a better system than Edison&amp;#039;s.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;George Westinghouse was working with AC for years before meeting up with Tesla.&amp;#160; Westinghouse was a systems thinker, he also had a knack for spotting good ideas and people and bringing them into his fold, and he knew AC power distribution was a good idea.&amp;#160; Westinghouse was impressed with Tesla&amp;#039;s work and approached him about joining forces. Westinghouse purchased Tesla&amp;#039;s alternating current patents on the electric systems and paid Tesla to work with him until they were fully implemented.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The first major event in Tesla&amp;#039;s victory over Edison in the War of Currents happened when Tesla joined forces with George Westinghouse. Over the next few years Tesla and Westinghouse would work together and two major accomplishments would mark their victory in the War of Currents over Edison.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1892, after a fierce battle versus Edison, Westinghouse won the contract to power the Columbian Exposition.&amp;#160; On May 1, 1893,&amp;#160; President Grover Cleveland pushed a button&amp;#160; and a hundred thousand incandescent lamps illuminated the Columbian Exposition.&amp;#160; The success of the Tesla Polyphase System installed at the exposition would help Westinghouse in their next major victory in being awarded the initial Niagara Falls contract.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Adding insult to his defeat in the War of Currents, Edison would also lose control of his electric power business in 1892.&amp;#160; Notorious financier J.P. Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;George Westinghouse was involved in the founding of many companies using the Westinghouse name.&amp;#160; Many of the original Westinghouse companies have merged with various other companies over the years.&amp;#160; The company that started out as the Westinghouse Electric Corporation founded in 1886 has evolved into two large global companies,CBS, an American broadcast network, and Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, a nuclear power business.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The ultimate irony**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Thomas Edison&amp;#039;s greatest defeat in business and technology was losing the “War of Currents” to George Westinghouse.&amp;#160; In 1911 George Westinghouse received the AIEE&amp;#039;s Edison Medal &amp;quot;For meritorious achievement in connection with the development of the alternating current system.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The IEEE Edison Medal is presented by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is most coveted medal in this field of engineering in the United States and is named after the inventor Thomas Edison.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;From the realms of geek history is George Westinghouse receiving the Edison Medal is the ultimate irony.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 01:00:11 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>george-westinghouse-unique-mix-inventor-and-industrialist</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/george-westinghouse-unique-mix-inventor-and-industrialist</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/01 23:59&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 54:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 54:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;According to the Westinghouse website Nikola Tesla said, &amp;quot;George Westinghouse was, in my opinion, the only man on this globe who could take my alternating-current system under the circumstances then existing and win the battle against prejudice and money power. He was one of the world&amp;#039;s true noblemen, of whom America may well be proud and to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;According to the Westinghouse website Nikola Tesla said, &amp;quot;George Westinghouse was, in my opinion, the only man on this globe who could take my alternating-current system under the circumstances then existing and win the battle against prejudice and money power. He was one of the world&amp;#039;s true noblemen, of whom America may well be proud and to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{youtube&amp;gt;eSEDze0QSV8 | Westinghouse: The Story History Tried to Bury}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 02:37:54 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>george-westinghouse-used-tesla-power-defeat-edison-currents-war</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/george-westinghouse-used-tesla-power-defeat-edison-currents-war</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/03/11 20:03&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== George Westinghouse defeated Thomas Edison in War of Currents ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{::warofcurrents800.jpg?400 |}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The War of Currents was a great science and technology feud in the late 1800s between the Edison Electric Light Company and Westinghouse Electric Company over what electric power transmission system should be used.&amp;#160; The Westinghouse Electric Company supported AC (alternating current) and the Edison Electric Light Company supported DC (direct current).&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The internet loves to portray the battle as one between rival inventors Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla.&amp;#160; It makes for a good story of the hero, Tesla, defeating his rival, Edison. Both Edison and Tesla were well known at the time, and both a bit crazy. Thomas Edison was a well known inventor riding his success and media attention for inventing the phonograph. Edison leveraged his name and fame to start building DC power plants in New York City. Westinghouse, unlike his rival Edison, did not seek media attention, and was a very private person.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The battle for public opinion over which system should be used to power America turned into a nasty smear campaign by Edison. An inventor and electrical engineer named Harold Brown became the front man for a campaign to show the world the dangers of alternating current. Stories are told of how Brown paid local children to collect stray dogs off the street that he used for experiments showing the dangers of alternating current. Despite publicly denouncing capital punishment, Edison secretly financed the alternating current electric chair developed by Brown. Edison launched a media campaign telling the world AC was deadly, using the word &amp;quot;Westinghoused&amp;quot; to describe an execution by electrocution.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The concept of AC power distribution was not a new concept for Westinghouse, he was also an inventor in the gas industry. Westinghouse believed that AC was a better method of power distribution, and believed that electric company founded by his rival Thomas Edison was structurally flawed in its beliefs of using DC power.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1885 Westinghouse became interested in the inventions of European Inventors Gaulard and Gibbs and purchased the American rights to their patents for AC current transformers. Westinghouse and his staff worked on improving and redesigning the transformers, and the Westinghouse Electric Company was started in 1886.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The Tesla and Westinghouse partnership**&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1888 Nikola Tesla presented to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers his polyphase alternating current system in the report A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;When Westinghouse heard of Nikola Tesla and the Tesla Polyphase System, he knew that could be the final piece he needed in building a better system than Edison&amp;#039;s.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;George Westinghouse was working with AC for years before meeting up with Tesla.&amp;#160; Westinghouse was a systems thinker, he also had a knack for spotting good ideas and people and bringing them into his fold, and he knew AC power distribution was a good idea.&amp;#160; Westinghouse was impressed with Tesla&amp;#039;s work and approached him about joining forces. Westinghouse purchased Tesla&amp;#039;s alternating current patents on the electric systems and paid Tesla to work with him until they were fully implemented.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The first major event in Tesla&amp;#039;s victory over Edison in the War of Currents happened when Tesla joined forces with George Westinghouse. Over the next few years Tesla and Westinghouse would work together and two major accomplishments would mark their victory in the War of Currents over Edison.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1892, after a fierce battle versus Edison, Westinghouse won the contract to power the Columbian Exposition.&amp;#160; On May 1, 1893, President Grover Cleveland pushed a button, a hundred thousand incandescent lamps illuminated the Columbian Exposition.&amp;#160; The success of the Tesla Polyphase System installed at the exposition would help Westinghouse in their next major victory in being awarded the initial Niagara Falls contract.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Since his childhood, Tesla had dreamed of harnessing the power of the great natural wonder Niagara Falls.&amp;#160; In October 1893, Tesla&amp;#039;s dream became a reality, when Westinghouse was awarded the Niagara Falls Power contract to create the powerhouse. The Westinghouse company, with Tesla&amp;#039;s guidance, had won the War of Currents.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Adding insult to his defeat in the War of Currents, Edison would also lose control of his electric power business in 1892.&amp;#160; Notorious financier J.P. Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**How much money did Tesla get?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The saga of Nikola Tesla talks about the man who died broke and alone in a New York hotel.&amp;#160; But the Tesla and Westinghouse partnership would make Tesla a millionaire.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Various versions of the story tell of how the deal went down and how the two men met. The generally accepted story states that Westinghouse paid Tesla around $60,000 for his patents for AC motors and generators, that&amp;#039;s roughly the equivalent of $1.4 million in today&amp;#039;s dollars. Tesla was also given a $2000 a month salary to work for Westinghouse, the equivalent of $48,000 per month today.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;One condition of the Tesla and Westinghouse partnership was that Tesla received royalties of $2.50 per horsepower of electrical capacity sold. As AC power slowly became more widely adopted, Westinghouse paid Tesla hundreds of thousands of dollars in royalties each year.&amp;#160; By 1890, one year before his 35th birthday, Tesla had become a millionaire.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;Another part of the financial arrangement of the Tesla and Westinghouse&amp;#160; partnership that often gets skewed when the story is told is Tesla&amp;#039;s&amp;#160; agreement to terminate the ongoing royalties on the power being&amp;#160; generated. Westinghouse was having some cash flow issues and he asked&amp;#160; Tesla if he could suspend payments for a while.&amp;#160; As the story goes Tesla&amp;#160; was grateful for the opportunities that Westinghouse had given him, and&amp;#160; tore up the contract for the ongoing royalties.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla did not simply walk away from the contract and get nothing in return.&amp;#160; According to the book &amp;quot;Tesla: Man Out of Time&amp;quot; by Margaret Cheney, the Westinghouse Company&amp;#039;s annual report of 1897 states that Tesla was paid $216,600 for outright purchase of his patents.&amp;#160; The relative value of $216,000.00 from 1897 in current purchasing power is over $6 million dollars.&amp;#160; We have listed here the dollar amounts as they were paid in 1890s and given some conservative estimates in modern dollars for comparison to put the amounts into perspective. For example, using a simple Purchasing Power Calculator, multiplying $216,000 by the percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index from 1897 to 2013, gives a relative value of over $6.2 million.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Regardless of the methods used to calculate the numbers, when Tesla walked away from his partnership with Westinghouse, he had built up a nice nest egg.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Tesla after the War of Currents**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Nikola Tesla was very much a working partner with George Westinghouse in defeating Edison in the War of Currents. Tesla had the visions, he could see the problems and solve them in his head.&amp;#160; Westinghouse had the business and management skills to build the team to accomplish the mission.&amp;#160; Tesla and Westinghouse made a good team, but Tesla moved on after the War of Currents.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The success of Tesla and Westinghouse working together as a team also illustrates the reason for many of Tesla&amp;#039;s future failures. Without good business and management skills Tesla would burn through his entire personal fortune on failed projects In the years that followed. In the PBS documentary &amp;quot;Tesla Master of Lightning&amp;quot; Tesla&amp;#039;s grand-nephew William Terbo explains the downfall of Nikola Tesla, &amp;quot;He was totally disinterested in business. He did not make the relationship between the importance of business and the importance of his invention and discovery.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;Tesla seemed to respect the part that Westinghouse played in their victory in the War of Currents. According to the Westinghouse website Nikola Tesla said, &amp;quot;George Westinghouse was, in my opinion, the only man on this globe who could take my alternating-current system under the circumstances then existing and win the battle against prejudice and money power. He was one of the world&amp;#039;s true noblemen, of whom America may well be proud and to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;George Westinghouse died in 1914.&amp;#160; Here just a few of the words from Tesla about Westinghouse as they appeared March 21, 1914 in Electrical world.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;//&amp;quot;His was a wonderful career filled with remark- able achievements. He gave to the world a number of valuable inventions and improvements, created new industries, advanced the mechanical and electrical arts and improved in many ways the conditions of modem life. He was a great pioneer and builder whose work was of far reaching effect on his time and whose name will live long in the memory of men.&amp;quot;//&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Various accounts claim different reasons for the Westinghouse Corporation coming to Tesla&amp;#039;s rescue later in his life when he was broke and alone. Tesla would move to the Hotel New Yorker in 1934, with the room paid for by the Westinghouse Corporation. One story is that Tesla was hit by a taxi on the streets of New York and was injured. Westinghouse executives hearing that he was in need of help, agreed to pay his room and board for the remainder of his life.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The ultimate irony**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Thomas Edison&amp;#039;s greatest defeat in business and technology was losing the “War of Currents” to George Westinghouse.&amp;#160; In 1911 George Westinghouse received the AIEE&amp;#039;s Edison Medal &amp;quot;For meritorious achievement in connection with the development of the alternating current system.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The IEEE Edison Medal is presented by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is most coveted medal in this field of engineering in the United States and is named after the inventor Thomas Edison.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;From the realms of geek history is George Westinghouse receiving the Edison Medal is the ultimate irony.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The REAL War of the Currents: Not Edison vs. Tesla (The Westinghouse Story)**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;vlS6FVzL11E |The REAL War of the Currents}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;#TechHistory #ACvsDC&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;#Pittsburgh #History&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;http://geekhistory.com/content/george-westinghouse-used-tesla-power-defeat-edison-currents-war&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 00:08:09 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>how-edison-tesla-and-westinghouse-really-built-the-electric-age</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/how-edison-tesla-and-westinghouse-really-built-the-electric-age</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/04 19:36&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 35:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 35:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;vlS6FVzL11E |The REAL War of the Currents}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;vlS6FVzL11E |The REAL War of the Currents}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 44:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 43:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;The internet is full of myths about the War of the Currents, endless &amp;quot;Edison vs. Tesla&amp;quot; graphics and heroic underdog stories. But the real history is far more fascinating and grittier.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;The internet is full of myths about the War of the Currents, endless &amp;quot;Edison vs. Tesla&amp;quot; graphics and heroic underdog stories. But the real history is far more fascinating and grittier.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;-&amp;#160; Everyone thinks Nikola Tesla single-handedly electrified the planet. It’s a cute story, but it’s wrong. In this video, we cut through the &amp;quot;wizard-inventor&amp;quot; myth to reveal the truth: Tesla didn&amp;#039;t wire the 1893 World’s Fair, and he definitely did not build the Niagara Falls generators.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;-&amp;#160; Everyone thinks Nikola Tesla single-handedly electrified the planet. It’s a cute story, but it’s wrong. In this video, we cut through the &amp;quot;wizard-inventor&amp;quot; myth to reveal the truth: Tesla didn&amp;#039;t wire the 1893 World’s Fair, and he definitely did not build the Niagara Falls generators.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;SAmIlOMN3j4 |Tesla Got the Credit. This Engineer Built Reality.}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;SAmIlOMN3j4 |Tesla Got the Credit. This Engineer Built Reality.}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 53:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 53:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;**WATCH: George Westinghouse The Geek Who Built the Modern World. Why Was He FORGOTTEN?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;**WATCH: George Westinghouse The Geek Who Built the Modern World. Why Was He FORGOTTEN?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;- History loves to remember the showman and the visionary who fought the so-called &amp;quot;War of the Currents.&amp;quot;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;- History loves to remember the showman and the visionary who fought the so-called &amp;quot;War of the Currents.&amp;quot;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;But the man who actually won it... the man whose technology powers our entire world, has been almost completely erased from the story.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;But the man who actually won it... the man whose technology powers our entire world, has been almost completely erased from the story.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;Xh80L0lStF0 |George Westinghouse is the forgotten geek in the War of Currents}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;Xh80L0lStF0 |George Westinghouse is the forgotten geek in the War of Currents}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 75:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 75:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;In reality?&amp;#160; &amp;#160;The Tesla fandom has rewritten history harder than a conspiracy subreddit on a caffeine bender.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;In reality?&amp;#160; &amp;#160;The Tesla fandom has rewritten history harder than a conspiracy subreddit on a caffeine bender.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{youtube&amp;gt;g2BDQwvf2Jw?si | The Einstein Tesla Genius Quote: Why the Internet Is Wrong About This Myth}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;{{youtube&amp;gt;g2BDQwvf2Jw?si | The Einstein Tesla Genius Quote: Why the Internet Is Wrong About This Myth}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Sat, 04 Jul 2026 19:38:34 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>ibm-the-story-people-believed</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/ibm-the-story-people-believed</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/04/20 21:22&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== IBM: The Story People Believed ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The trilogy is complete.**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;IBM didn’t just shape tech history — it shaped the myths we still repeat.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;From Xerox… to Microsoft… to the quote they never said.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;If you missed any part of the series, here’s the full arc:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;📼 Episode 1: The Company That Invented Xerox&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;👉 {{ youtube&amp;gt;zqevYVG3ph0 |The Company That Invented Xerox}}&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;📼 Episode 2: The Company That Made Microsoft&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;👉 {{ youtube&amp;gt;dyA0cpbuU6k |IBM: The Company That Made Microsoft}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;📼 Episode 3: The Fake “Five Computers” Quote That Fit the Story Too Well&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Did IBM Chairman Thomas Watson really say, “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers”? An internet search turns up dozens of sites, Microsoft, PBS, even computing history museums confidently repeating the line and pinning it on Watson in 1943.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In this video, we walk through the real history behind the quote, from wartime IBM under Thomas J. Watson Sr. to a 1953 stockholders’ meeting with Thomas J. Watson Jr. and the IBM 701. Using IBM’s own FAQ and historical documents, we trace how a realistic sales forecast for five machines morphed into one of tech’s most beloved urban legends.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;If there’s no speech, no article, no recording, and IBM itself debunks it… why do we still believe it?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In this episode:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The myth of the “five computers” quote&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;How IBM’s 1953 stockholder remarks got twisted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Why Wikipedia, forums, and even big-name sites keep the legend alive&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;What this says about how the internet doesn’t just document history, it rewrites it&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Dig deeper. Trust less. In a world with billions of devices, maybe the real growth market isn’t computers, it’s debunking the stories we tell about them.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;👉 {{ youtube&amp;gt;Kbtr88NL9GQ |IBM: The Fake ‘Five Computers’ Quote That Fit the Story Too Well}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Three chapters.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;One company.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;A whole lot of accidental legend‑building.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Sometimes the myth is more powerful than the truth.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2026 21:24:32 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>japanese-spacelab-first-african-american-woman-astronaut</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/japanese-spacelab-first-african-american-woman-astronaut</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/02 12:07&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 6:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 6:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;In the top photo the STS-47 crewmembers assemble for their traditional onboard (in-flight) portrait in the Spacelab Japan (SLJ) science module aboard the Earth-orbiting Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105. Pictured, left to right, back row are Commander Robert L. Gibson and Pilot Curtis L. Brown, Jr; middle row Mission Specialist (MS) N. Jan Davis, MS Jerome Apt, and MS Mae C. Jemison; and front row MS and Payload Commander (PLC) Mark C. Lee and Payload Specialist Mamoru Mohri. Mohri represents Japan&amp;#039;s National Space Development Agency (NASDA).&amp;#160; The crew was divided into red and blue teams for around the clock operations.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;In the top photo the STS-47 crewmembers assemble for their traditional onboard (in-flight) portrait in the Spacelab Japan (SLJ) science module aboard the Earth-orbiting Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105. Pictured, left to right, back row are Commander Robert L. Gibson and Pilot Curtis L. Brown, Jr; middle row Mission Specialist (MS) N. Jan Davis, MS Jerome Apt, and MS Mae C. Jemison; and front row MS and Payload Commander (PLC) Mark C. Lee and Payload Specialist Mamoru Mohri. Mohri represents Japan&amp;#039;s National Space Development Agency (NASDA).&amp;#160; The crew was divided into red and blue teams for around the clock operations.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;The Mission STS-47 all star crew&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;The Mission STS-47 all star crew&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Robert &amp;quot;Hoot&amp;quot; Gibson, Commander : Selected by NASA in January 1978, Gibson became an astronaut in August 1979. Gibson has flown five missions and has completed a total of 36-1/2 days in space. He served as pilot on STS-41B (February 3-11, 1984), and was spacecraft commander on STS-61C (January 12-18,1986), STS-27 (December 2-6, 1988), STS-47 (September 12-20, 1992), and STS-71 (June 27 to July 7, 1995). Gibson participated in the investigation of the Space Shuttle Challenger accident, and also participated in the redesign and recertification of the solid rocket boosters. Gibson served as Chief of the Astronaut Office (December 1992 to September 1994) and as Deputy Director, Flight Crew Operations (March-November 1996). Gibson left NASA in November 1996 to pursue private business interests&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;Robert &amp;quot;Hoot&amp;quot; Gibson, Commander&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;: Selected by NASA in January 1978, Gibson became an astronaut in August 1979. Gibson has flown five missions and has completed a total of 36-1/2 days in space. He served as pilot on STS-41B (February 3-11, 1984), and was spacecraft commander on STS-61C (January 12-18,1986), STS-27 (December 2-6, 1988), STS-47 (September 12-20, 1992), and STS-71 (June 27 to July 7, 1995). Gibson participated in the investigation of the Space Shuttle Challenger accident, and also participated in the redesign and recertification of the solid rocket boosters. Gibson served as Chief of the Astronaut Office (December 1992 to September 1994) and as Deputy Director, Flight Crew Operations (March-November 1996). Gibson left NASA in November 1996 to pursue private business interests&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Curtis L. Brown, Jr, Pilot&amp;#160; Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in June 1987, Brown completed a one-year training and evaluation program in August 1988, and is qualified for flight assignment as a pilot. Technical assignments have included: involvement in the upgrade of the Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS); development of the Flight Data File (FDF); lead of the astronaut launch support team responsible for crew ingress/strap-in prior to launch and crew egress after landing; monitored the refurbishment of OV-102 and OV-103 during ground turnaround processing; lead spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM); Astronaut Office Lead of Shuttle Operations; Deputy Director, Flight Crew Operations Directorate. A veteran of six space flights, Brown has logged over 1,383 hours in space. He was the pilot on STS-47 in 1992, STS-66 in 1994 and STS-77 in 1996, and was spacecraft commander on STS-85 in 1997, STS-95 in 1998, and STS-103 in 1999. Brown retired from NASA to accept a position in the private sector.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;Curtis L. Brown, Jr, Pilot&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#160;Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in June 1987, Brown completed a one-year training and evaluation program in August 1988, and is qualified for flight assignment as a pilot. Technical assignments have included: involvement in the upgrade of the Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS); development of the Flight Data File (FDF); lead of the astronaut launch support team responsible for crew ingress/strap-in prior to launch and crew egress after landing; monitored the refurbishment of OV-102 and OV-103 during ground turnaround processing; lead spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM); Astronaut Office Lead of Shuttle Operations; Deputy Director, Flight Crew Operations Directorate. A veteran of six space flights, Brown has logged over 1,383 hours in space. He was the pilot on STS-47 in 1992, STS-66 in 1994 and STS-77 in 1996, and was spacecraft commander on STS-85 in 1997, STS-95 in 1998, and STS-103 in 1999. Brown retired from NASA to accept a position in the private sector.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Mark C. Lee, Payload Commander:&amp;#160; Lee was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in May 1984. In June 1985, he completed a one-year training and evaluation program, qualifying him for assignment as a mission specialist on future Space Shuttle flight crews. His technical responsibilities within the Astronaut Office have included extravehicular activity (EVA), the inertial upper stage (IUS), Spacelab and Space Station systems. Lee has also served as a spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) in the Mission Control Center, as Lead Cape Crusader at the Kennedy Space Center, Chief of Astronaut Appearances, Chief of the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch, Chief of the EVA Robotics Branch, and Chief of the EVA Branch. He also worked Space Station assembly issues for the Astronaut Office.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;Mark C. Lee, Payload Commander:&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#160;Lee was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in May 1984. In June 1985, he completed a one-year training and evaluation program, qualifying him for assignment as a mission specialist on future Space Shuttle flight crews. His technical responsibilities within the Astronaut Office have included extravehicular activity (EVA), the inertial upper stage (IUS), Spacelab and Space Station systems. Lee has also served as a spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) in the Mission Control Center, as Lead Cape Crusader at the Kennedy Space Center, Chief of Astronaut Appearances, Chief of the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch, Chief of the EVA Robotics Branch, and Chief of the EVA Branch. He also worked Space Station assembly issues for the Astronaut Office.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;A veteran of four space flights, Lee has traveled over 13 million miles going around the world 517 times and spending 33 days in orbit. Lee retired from NASA and the Air Force effective July 1, 2001.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;A veteran of four space flights, Lee has traveled over 13 million miles going around the world 517 times and spending 33 days in orbit. Lee retired from NASA and the Air Force effective July 1, 2001.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;N. Jan Davis, Mission Specialist:&amp;#160; Dr. Davis became an astronaut in June 1987. Her initial technical assignment was in the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch, where she provided technical support for Shuttle payloads. She then served as a CAPCOM in Mission Control communicating with Shuttle crews for seven missions. After her first space flight, Dr. Davis served as the Astronaut Office representative for the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), with responsibility for RMS operations, training, and payloads. After her second space flight, she served as the Chairperson of the NASA Education Working Group and as Chief for the Payloads Branch, which provided Astronaut Office support for all Shuttle and Space Station payloads. A veteran of three space flights, Dr. Davis has logged over 673 hours in space. She flew as a mission specialist on STS-47 in 1992 and STS-60 in 1994, and was the payload commander on STS-85 in 1997.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;N. Jan Davis, Mission Specialist:&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#160;Dr. Davis became an astronaut in June 1987. Her initial technical assignment was in the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch, where she provided technical support for Shuttle payloads. She then served as a CAPCOM in Mission Control communicating with Shuttle crews for seven missions. After her first space flight, Dr. Davis served as the Astronaut Office representative for the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), with responsibility for RMS operations, training, and payloads. After her second space flight, she served as the Chairperson of the NASA Education Working Group and as Chief for the Payloads Branch, which provided Astronaut Office support for all Shuttle and Space Station payloads. A veteran of three space flights, Dr. Davis has logged over 673 hours in space. She flew as a mission specialist on STS-47 in 1992 and STS-60 in 1994, and was the payload commander on STS-85 in 1997.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;After her flight on STS-85, Dr. Davis was assigned to NASA Headquarters as the Director of the Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS), Independent Assurance Office for the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. In July 1999, she transferred to MSFC as Director of the Flight Projects Directorate. In August 2003, she was named Director of Safety and Mission Assurance, with responsibility for the safety, reliability, and quality activities of all MSFC projects and personnel. In October 2005, Dr. Davis retired from NASA.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;After her flight on STS-85, Dr. Davis was assigned to NASA Headquarters as the Director of the Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS), Independent Assurance Office for the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. In July 1999, she transferred to MSFC as Director of the Flight Projects Directorate. In August 2003, she was named Director of Safety and Mission Assurance, with responsibility for the safety, reliability, and quality activities of all MSFC projects and personnel. In October 2005, Dr. Davis retired from NASA.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Jay Apt, Mission Specialist: In 1980 Dr. Apt joined the Earth and Space Sciences Division of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), doing planetary research, studying Venus, Mars, and the outer solar system.&amp;#160; In 1981 he became Director of JPL’s Table Mountain Observatory.&amp;#160; From 1982 through 1985, he was a flight controller responsible for Shuttle payload operations at NASA’s Johnson Space Center.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;Jay Apt, Mission Specialist:&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;In 1980 Dr. Apt joined the Earth and Space Sciences Division of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), doing planetary research, studying Venus, Mars, and the outer solar system.&amp;#160; In 1981 he became Director of JPL’s Table Mountain Observatory.&amp;#160; From 1982 through 1985, he was a flight controller responsible for Shuttle payload operations at NASA’s Johnson Space Center.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;He was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in June 1985, and qualified as an astronaut in July 1986.&amp;#160; Apt flew as a member of the crew of the space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-37 mission. Dr. Apt was Endeavour’s flight engineer on the crew of STS-47, Spacelab-J. He flew again aboard Endeavour on STS-59, the first flight of the Space Radar Laboratory. Apt served aboard Atlantis during mission STS-79.&amp;#160; With the completion of his fourth flight, Dr. Apt has logged over 847 hours (35 days) in space, including 10 hours and 49 minutes on two space walks.&amp;#160; He has flown around the Earth 562 times.&amp;#160; Dr. Apt left NASA in May 1997.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;He was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in June 1985, and qualified as an astronaut in July 1986.&amp;#160; Apt flew as a member of the crew of the space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-37 mission. Dr. Apt was Endeavour’s flight engineer on the crew of STS-47, Spacelab-J. He flew again aboard Endeavour on STS-59, the first flight of the Space Radar Laboratory. Apt served aboard Atlantis during mission STS-79.&amp;#160; With the completion of his fourth flight, Dr. Apt has logged over 847 hours (35 days) in space, including 10 hours and 49 minutes on two space walks.&amp;#160; He has flown around the Earth 562 times.&amp;#160; Dr. Apt left NASA in May 1997.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Mae C. Jemison, Mission Specialist: Dr. Jemison was selected for the astronaut program in June 1987. Her technical assignments since then have included: launch support activities at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida; verification of Shuttle computer software in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL); Science Support Group activities.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;Mae C. Jemison, Mission Specialist:&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Dr. Jemison was selected for the astronaut program in June 1987. Her technical assignments since then have included: launch support activities at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida; verification of Shuttle computer software in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL); Science Support Group activities.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Dr. Jemison was the science mission specialist on STS-47 Spacelab-J. Dr. Jemison was a co-investigator on the bone cell research experiment flown on the mission. In completing her first space flight, Dr. Jemison logged 190 hours, 30 minutes, 23 seconds in space.&amp;#160; Dr. Jemison left NASA in March 1993.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Dr. Jemison was the science mission specialist on STS-47 Spacelab-J. Dr. Jemison was a co-investigator on the bone cell research experiment flown on the mission. In completing her first space flight, Dr. Jemison logged 190 hours, 30 minutes, 23 seconds in space.&amp;#160; Dr. Jemison left NASA in March 1993.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Mamoru Mohri, Payload Specialist: Selected by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (now referred to as the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA) in 1985, he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor on the STS-47 (Spacelab-J) mission in 1992. He was the first Japanese astronaut who performed Japan-US joint investigation in space. Dr. Mohri also conducted a &amp;quot;Space Classroom&amp;quot;, which was broadcasted live to the children in Japan.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;Mamoru Mohri, Payload Specialist:&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Selected by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (now referred to as the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA) in 1985, he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor on the STS-47 (Spacelab-J) mission in 1992. He was the first Japanese astronaut who performed Japan-US joint investigation in space. Dr. Mohri also conducted a &amp;quot;Space Classroom&amp;quot;, which was broadcasted live to the children in Japan.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Dr. Mohri was qualified as NASA Mission Specialist (MS) in 1998 and flew for a second time aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor on the STS-99 mission in 2000. During the mission, he mapped more than 47 million miles of the Earth&amp;#039;s surface to develop a 3-D rendition of our planet. Also on the STS-99 mission, for the first time ever, he acquired earth observation data with a High-Definition Television (HDTV) Camera.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Dr. Mohri was qualified as NASA Mission Specialist (MS) in 1998 and flew for a second time aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor on the STS-99 mission in 2000. During the mission, he mapped more than 47 million miles of the Earth&amp;#039;s surface to develop a 3-D rendition of our planet. Also on the STS-99 mission, for the first time ever, he acquired earth observation data with a High-Definition Television (HDTV) Camera.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Spacelab Payload&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;Spacelab Payload&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Spacelab-J was a joint NASA and National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) mission utilizing a manned Spacelab module. The conducted microgravity investigations in materials and life sciences included 24 materials science and 20 life sciences experiments, of which 35 were sponsored by NASDA, 7 by NASA and two collaborative efforts.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Spacelab-J was a joint NASA and National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) mission utilizing a manned Spacelab module. The conducted microgravity investigations in materials and life sciences included 24 materials science and 20 life sciences experiments, of which 35 were sponsored by NASDA, 7 by NASA and two collaborative efforts.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 12:09:26 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>learn-from-edison</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/learn-from-edison</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/03/31 18:41&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== There&amp;#039;s a lot to learn from Thomas Edison ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;He was a systems thinker and a project manager. Edison took the image of an inventor as one man tinkering alone in a shop and turned it into an industry. He did not just have a laboratory at Menlo Park, NJ, he created an invention factory.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;They say Edison&amp;#039;s invention factory at Menlo Park was like a giant frat house. I&amp;#039;m sure a bunch of men experimenting in a lab together could be fun at times, but given his drive to succeed, I wouldn&amp;#039;t want to get on his bad side. Like many driven geeks, he lived at his office where he had his cot to take his power naps between shifts.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;As much as we can learn from Edison on his creation of an invention factory, there&amp;#039;s also a dark side to Edison that showed a compulsive workaholic obsessed with success at all costs. There are several versions of the story surrounding the death of his first wife, Mary Edison. Many books say that Mary died of typhoid, her death certificate states that she died of &amp;quot;congestion of the brain.&amp;quot; One popular story tells that Mary Edison died of a morphine overdose as a result of complications from her third pregnancy. Complications from pregnancy, as well as use of morphine as a pain killer, were not uncommon in the 1880s. Even though Edison&amp;#039;s lab was only a few miles from his home, it is told that it took him three weeks to visit his home when he received word that his wife was ill. Mary Edison died at the age of 29.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The very dark side of Edison and his drive to succeed at all costs was illustrated in the &amp;quot;War of Currents.&amp;quot; Edison was promoting DC (direct current), as the primary method to carry electricity to homes. George Westinghouse was promoting AC (alternating current), as the primary method to carry electricity to homes. An electrical engineer named Harold Brown became the front man for a campaign by Edison to smear and discredit Westinghouse. Stories are told of how Brown paid local children to collect stray dogs off the street that he used for experiments showing the dangers of alternating current. Despite publicly denouncing capital punishment, Edison secretly financed the alternating current electric chair developed by Brown. Edison launched a media campaign telling the world AC was deadly, using the word &amp;quot;Westinghoused&amp;quot; to describe an execution by electrocution.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Edison was alive during a time of many great inventions. His battles with Tesla and Westinghouse in the War of Currents was one of many areas where he was very competitive with the other geeks of his day. There are many other stories I could tell, but the stories about his relationship with his first wife, and the many associated stories surrounding the War of Currents illustrate a common theme in Edison&amp;#039;s life, a compulsive workaholic obsessed with success at all costs.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The many movies about Steve Jobs of Apple released in recent years show many similarities to Edison, a brilliant man with a mind for innovation, improving existing ideas to develop new products. A man who knew how to take control of the media spotlight when he had the opportunity. A man with a dark side that was driven to success at all costs.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Thomas Alva Edison prolific inventor and legendary lunatic&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://geekhistory.com/content/thomas-alva-edison-prolific-inventor-and-legendary-lunatic&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;You don&amp;#039;t need to be a genius to know why Thomas Edison was popular&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;https://geekhistory.com/content/you-dont-need-be-genius-know-why-thomas-edison-was-popular&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 18:47:09 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>mass-communications-and-telecommunications-computers</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/mass-communications-and-telecommunications-computers</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/25 23:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Mass communications and telecommunications before computers ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Many people say the internet is the greatest invention since the printing press.&amp;#160; Before the internet people read books.&amp;#160; Books, words on paper, published ideas, were the basis of mass communications for many centuries prior to 20th century technology.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;The Sumerians in Mesopotamia started to develop the basics of communication with writing and alphabets around 3000 B.C.&amp;#160; In the centuries that followed the first permanent storage devices, handwritten books, were developed.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The Manuscript Culture of the Middle Ages dealt with the making and trade of manuscripts.&amp;#160; In early manuscript culture monks copied manuscripts by hand, mostly religious texts.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Xerox had one of the most popular TV commercials that aired in the 1970s with the 1975 &amp;quot;Miracle Monks&amp;quot; spot. In the commercial a monk used a Xerox duplicating system to produce copies of a manuscript. The commercial won just about every award it could and embedded in the minds of a generation the concept of the chubby cherub scribe as the predecessor to the modern copy machine.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Mass communication involves information distribution in a &amp;quot;one to many&amp;quot; form of communication.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The First Information Explosion, and next era in the history of Information Technology known as the Mechanical Age, is usually attributed to the printing press created by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Although the Chinese had created various types of printing devices centuries earlier, the invention of the printing press is typically attributed to Johannes Gutenberg for his movable type system that led to the first mass production of books in Europe.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Gutenberg was aware that a successful launch of his new invention would be much easier if they began with a high profile book of importance beyond their local area so they chose to publish the Bible.&amp;#160; According to the Library of Congress, the printing of The Gutenberg Bible, also known as the 42 line Bible, was probably completed late in 1455 at Mainz, Germany.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The term mass media was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been in use for centuries.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Telecommunications is the transmission of messages, over significant distances, for the purpose of communication.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Electrical telegraph networks were the first form of electrical telecommunications that empowered people and commerce to transmit messages across continents and oceans with widespread social and economic impacts.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Samuel F. B. Morse developed an electrical telegraph that was capable of transmitting over long distances using poor quality wire. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signaling alphabet with Morse. On January 6, 1838, Morse first successfully tested the device.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1861 the first transcontinental telegraph system was established. Eventually the telegraph network crossed the oceans to every continent (except Antarctica) making instant global communication possible for the first time.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The next step in the evolution of telecommunications was the telephone, a device that converts sound into electronic signals for long distance transmission over wires.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In out next article we will answer the question, who invented the telephone.&amp;#160; The answer may not be as simple as you think.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;New York news item 1868:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A man has been arrested in New York for attempting to extort funds from ignorant and superstitious people by exhibiting a device which he says will convey the human voice any distance over metallic wires so that it will be heard by the listener at the other end. He calls this instrument a telephone. Well-informed people know that it is impossible to transmit the human voice over wires.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 18:31:44 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>nasa-first-women-astronaut-candidates</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/nasa-first-women-astronaut-candidates</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/25 23:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== NASA first women astronaut candidates ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;A tribute to the female pioneers of space NASA first women astronaut candidates&amp;#160; January 1978&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;During the 135 missions of the Space Shuttle Program&amp;#039;s 30-year run we saw the integration of women crew members. As I started gathering up photos and information from NASA, I realized that geek history not only needed a section on space exploration, but a tribute to these female pioneers of space.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The women selected by NASA as the first female astronaut candidates in January 1978 are a great example that being a geek is not strictly a man&amp;#039;s world. The six women chosen enrolled in a training program that they completed in August 1979.&amp;#160; Shown in the NASA photo from left to right are Shannon W. Lucid, Margaret Rhea Seddon, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Judith A. Resnik, Anna L. Fisher, and Sally K. Ride.&amp;#160; Sally Ride was the first American woman in space. Sadly, one member of the class of first female astronaut candidates, Dr. Judith Resnik was killed during the launch of Challenger in 1986.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Below are the brief biographies of first female astronauts.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Shannon W. Lucid was born on January 14, 1943 in Shanghai, China but considers Bethany, Oklahoma to be her hometown. She spent many years at the University of Oklahoma, receiving a Bachelor in chemistry in 1963, a Master in biochemistry in 1970, and a Doctorate in biochemistry in 1973.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Shannon Lucid is qualified for assignment as a mission specialist on&amp;#160; Space Shuttle flight crews.&amp;#160; Some of her technical assignments have&amp;#160; included the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL); the Flight&amp;#160; Software Laboratory, in Downey, California, working with the rendezvous&amp;#160; and proximity operations group; Astronaut Office interface at Kennedy&amp;#160; Space Center, Florida, participating in payload testing, Shuttle testing&amp;#160; and launch countdowns; spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) in the Johnson&amp;#160; Space Center (JSC) Mission Control Center during numerous Space Shuttle&amp;#160; missions; Chief of Mission Support and Chief of Astronaut Appearances.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;Dr. Lucid was the first woman to hold an international record&amp;#160; for the most flight hours in orbit by any non-Russian, and, until June&amp;#160; 2007, she also held the record for the most flight hours in orbit by any&amp;#160; woman in the world.&amp;#160; From February 2002 until September 2003, Dr. Lucid&amp;#160; served as NASA&amp;#039;s Chief Scientist stationed at NASA Headquarters,&amp;#160; Washington D.C., with responsibility for developing and communicating&amp;#160; the agency&amp;#039;s science and research objectives to the outside world.&amp;#160; She&amp;#160; returned to JSC in Fall 2003 and resumed technical assignments in the&amp;#160; Astronaut Office.&amp;#160; She served as a CAPCOM in the Mission Control Center&amp;#160; for numerous Space Shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) crews,&amp;#160; representing the Flight Crew Office and providing a friendly voice for&amp;#160; dozens of friends and colleagues in space.&amp;#160; Dr. Lucid retired from NASA&amp;#160; in January 2012.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;---&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Margaret Rhea Seddon Born November 8, 1947, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, received a Doctorate of Medicine in 1973 from the University of Tennessee. She flew on space missions STS-51 Discovery, STS-40 Columbia, and STS-58 Columbia for a total of over 722 hours in space. Dr. Seddon retired from NASA in November 1997, taking on a position as the Assistant Chief Medical Officer of the Vanderbilt Medical Group in Nashville, Tennessee.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Dr.&amp;#160; Seddon&amp;#039;s work at NASA has been in a&amp;#160; variety of areas, including Orbiter and payload software, Shuttle&amp;#160; Avionics Integration Laboratory, Flight Data File, Shuttle medical kit&amp;#160; and checklist, launch and landing rescue helicopter physician, support&amp;#160; crew member for STS-6, crew equipment, membership on NASA&amp;#039;s Aerospace&amp;#160; Medical Advisory Committee, Technical Assistant to the Director of&amp;#160; Flight Crew Operations, and crew communicator (CAPCOM) in the Mission&amp;#160; Control Center. She was Assistant to the Director of Flight Crew&amp;#160; Operations for Shuttle/Mir Payloads. A three-flight veteran with over&amp;#160; 722 hours in space, Dr. Seddon was a mission specialist on STS-51D (1985) and STS-40 (1991), and was the payload commander on STS-58&amp;#160; (1993).&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In September 1996, she was detailed by NASA to Vanderbilt&amp;#160; University Medical School in Nashville, Tennessee. She assisted in the&amp;#160; preparation of cardiovascular experiments which flew aboard Space&amp;#160; Shuttle Columbia on the Neurolab Spacelab flight in April 1998.&amp;#160; Dr. Seddon retired from NASA in November 1997.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;---&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Kathryn Sullivan was born October 3, 1951 in Patterson, New Jersey but considers Woodland Hills, California to be her hometown. She received a Bachelor in Earth Sciences from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1973 and a Doctorate in Geology from Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1978.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Dr. Sullivan&amp;#039;s Shuttle support&amp;#160; assignments since then include: software development; launch and&amp;#160; landing lead chase photographer; Orbiter and cargo test, checkout and&amp;#160; launch support at Kennedy Space Center, Florida; extravehicular activity (EVA) and spacesuit support crew for several flights; and capsule&amp;#160; communicator (CAPCOM) in Mission Control for numerous Shuttle missions.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;A veteran of three space flights, Dr. Sullivan was a mission specialist&amp;#160; on STS-41G (1984), STS-31 (1990) and STS-45 (1992).&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Dr. Sullivan&amp;#039;s NASA research interests were focused on remote sensing.&amp;#160; She qualified as a systems engineer operator in NASA&amp;#039;s&amp;#160; WB-57F high-altitude research aircraft in 1978 and participated in&amp;#160; several remote sensing projects in Alaska.&amp;#160; She was a co-investigator on&amp;#160; the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) experiment, which she flew on&amp;#160; Mission STS-41G.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;Dr. Sullivan left NASA in August 1992 to assume the position of Chief Scientist of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). She later went on to serve as President and CEO of the Center of Science and Industry in Columbus, Ohio.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;-----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Dr. Judith Resnik was born April 5, 1949 in Akron, Ohio. Upon graduating from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1970, she was employed by RCA located in Moorestown, New Jersey; and in 1971, she transferred to RCA in Springfield, Virginia. Her projects while with RCA as a design engineer included circuit design and development of custom integrated circuits..&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Dr. Resnik was a biomedical engineer in the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda,&amp;#160; &amp;#160; Maryland, from 1974 to 1977, where she performed biological research experiments concerning the physiology of visual systems. Immediately preceding her selection by NASA in 1978, she was a senior systems engineer in product development with Xerox Corporation at El Segundo, California.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Dr. Resnik first flew as a mission specialist on STS 41-D which was the maiden flight of the orbiter Discovery on August 30, 1984. The crew earned the name &amp;quot;Icebusters&amp;quot; in successfully removing hazardous ice particles from the orbiter using the Remote Manipulator System. STS 41-D completed 96 orbits of the earth before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on September 5, 1984. With the completion of this flight she logged 144 hours and 57 minutes in space.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Dr. Resnik was a mission specialist on STS 51-L which was launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, at 11:38:00 EST on January 28, 1986.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;The STS 51-L crew was killed when Challenger exploded after launch.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;--&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Anna Fisher Born August 24, 1949, in New York City, New York, but&amp;#160; considers San Pedro, California, to be her hometown.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;After graduating from UCLA in 1971, Fisher spent a year in graduate school, working in the field of x-ray crystallographic studies of metallocarbonanes.&amp;#160; She began medical school at UCLA in 1972 and, following graduation in 1976, commenced a one year internship at Harbor General Hospital in Torrance, California. After completing that internship, she specialized in emergency medicine and worked in several hospitals in the Los Angeles area.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;Fisher’s early NASA assignments (pre-STS-1&amp;#160; through STS-4) included crew&amp;#160; representative to&amp;#160; support development and testing of various Shuttle systems. From STS-5&amp;#160; through STS-7, Fisher was assigned&amp;#160; as a crew&amp;#160; representative to support vehicle integrated testing and payload testing at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, Florida.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;From&amp;#160; 1989 through 1995, Fisher was on a leave of absence from the Astronaut Office&amp;#160; to raise her family.. From 1996 through 2002, during&amp;#160; the early phase of building the International Space Station (ISS), Fisher was&amp;#160; the chief of the Space Station branch.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;In that capacity, she coordinated inputs to the operations of the space&amp;#160; station for the Astronaut Office, working closely with all the international&amp;#160; partners and supervising assigned astronauts and engineers.&amp;#160; From January 2011 through August 2013, Fisher&amp;#160; served as an ISS Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) working in the Mission Control&amp;#160; Center and was also the lead CAPCOM for Expedition 33. Currently, Fisher is a management&amp;#160; astronaut, working on display development for the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew&amp;#160; Vehicle (MPCV) and supports European payloads for the ISS Integration branch&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Sally Ride was the first American woman in space. Born on May 26, 1951 in Los Angeles, California, she received a Bachelor in Physics and English in 1973 from Stanford University and, later, a Master in Physics in 1975 and a Doctorate in Physics in 1978, also from Stanford. NASA selected Dr. Ride as an astronaut candidate in January 1978.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;She began her astronaut career as a mission specialist on STS-7, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on June 18, 1983. The mission spent 147 hours in space before landing on a lakebed runway at Edwards Air Force Base, California on June 24, 1983. Dr. Ride also served as a mission specialist on STS-41-G, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on October 5, 1984 and landed 197 hours later at Kennedy Space Center, Florida on October 13, 1984. In June 1985, NASA assigned Dr. Ride to serve as mission specialist on STS-61-M.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;She discontinued mission training in January 1986 to serve as a member of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger accident, also known as the Rogers Commission. Upon completing the investigation she returned to NASA Headquarters as Special Assistant to the Administrator for Long Range and Strategic Planning.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Dr. Ride has written a children&amp;#039;s book, To Space and Back, describing her experiences in space. Her latest books include Voyager: An Adventure to the Edge of the Solar System and The Third Planet: Exploring the Earth from Space. Dr. Ride is currently a physics professor and Director of the California Space Institute at the University of California, San Diego..&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;-----------------------------------&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;References and resources:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;During a search of NASA photos I found many showing women working in various roles for many years. As this site grows we hope to highlight the contributions of women in the world of technology and science, to educate honor the great female geeks of our society.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;The biographical information on the astronauts was found on various NASA websites. The photos are from the Internet Archive (Archive.org) as well as NASA websites. The information is believed to be public domain and has been edited and modified for use on Geek History.&amp;#160; The flight numbers in the astronauts biographies refer to the shuttle missions. STS stands for Space Transportation System, and the numbers represent the flight number stating with STS-1, launched on April 12, 1981.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The goal of Geek History is to increase awareness, educate, and entertain.&amp;#160; We are just trying to get you to think about the many amazing people that have contributed to the world of technology. Our goal in presenting this information on aviation and aerospace history is by no means meant to be any type of authoritative source on the topic.&amp;#160; I am not a rocket scientist, nor is space craft or space exploration in my area of expertise, I hope by presenting this information you take the time to learn more.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Please refer to the links listed here to find the original photos for your own personal use and learn more on the topics covered.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Women in Space&amp;#160; http://history.nasa.gov/printFriendly/women.html&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Astronaut Bios: http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Space Shuttle History:&amp;#160; http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/the_shuttle/&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;NASA library of images: http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/index.html&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/missions.html&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 12:08:10 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>nasa-rocket-scientist-wernher-von-braun-powered-apollo-11</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/nasa-rocket-scientist-wernher-von-braun-powered-apollo-11</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/01 13:56&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;==== NASA rocket scientist Wernher von Braun powered Apollo 11 ====&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;==&lt;/strong&gt;==== NASA rocket scientist Wernher von Braun powered Apollo 11&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;==&lt;/strong&gt;====&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 13:57:04 +0000</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title>nikola-tesla-legacy-most-interesting-geek-world</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/nikola-tesla-legacy-most-interesting-geek-world</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/25 23:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Nikola Tesla the legacy of the most interesting geek in the world ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Without a doubt Nikola Tesla was one of the most interesting geeks that ever lived. The&amp;#160; for Tesla by his fans and the stories about Tesla&amp;#039;s scientific accomplishments has elevated Tesla to the status of mythological geek folk hero.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When the names of Edison and Tesla come together it appears that some people look at their relationship as a life long battle.&amp;#160; Their great feud over the use of AC (alternating current) versus DC (direct current) known as the War of Currents lasted only about a decade.&amp;#160; Tesla&amp;#039;s career went on for many more years beyond his battles with Edison and the War of Currents.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Tesla&amp;#039;s Early Days**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;At times the life story of Nikola Tesla flows like an epic science fiction saga. According to legend, the man known as the Master of Lightning was born at the stroke of midnight on July 10, 1856,&amp;#160; during a lightning storm in a mountainous area of the Balkan Peninsula.&amp;#160; The area of the&amp;#160; Austro-Hungarian Empire where Tesla grew up is the modern-day country of Croatia.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;Tesla&amp;#039;s parents were Serbian, his father was an orthodox priest, his mother was an inventor of practical household gadgets.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The stories of Nikola Tesla growing up tell of a young man constantly craving knowledge. He had a powerful imagination and a photographic memory. Tesla was always the geek growing up, he learned to speak 8 languages and was known to recite books from memory.&amp;#160; According to popular stories Nikola Tesla&amp;#039;s dream to go to America one day also started when he was young. Upon seeing an engraving of Niagara Falls, Tesla told his uncle he would someday capture the energy of Niagara to produce electricity.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There is even a good story to explain how Tesla would go to college. Tesla&amp;#039;s father expected young Nikola to follow in his foot steps and become a priest. Nikola was ate about mathematics and science.&amp;#160; At the age of 17 Nikola Tesla had a brush with death from Cholera. While on his death-bed from Cholera, Nikola was promised by his father he could go to college to study science if he survived. Nikola made an amazing recovery. He went on to study electrical engineering at the renowned Austrian Polytechnic School at Graz.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla worked for Charles Batchelor with the Continental Edison Company In Paris installing lighting systems. In Germany and France, he attempted to interest investors in his concept for an AC motor, but had no success. In 1884, at age 28, Tesla left Paris and headed for New York City with a letter of introduction from Charles Batchelor.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The War of Currents**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Thomas Edison was a shrewd businessman and a believer in DC (direct current). Tesla knew he would have to impress Edison to earn his trust, in order to get the opportunity to show him his ideas on AC (alternating current).&amp;#160; According to the often told story Tesla accepted a challenge by Edison to make improvements to his DC motors, with the understanding that if he was successful, Tesla would be rewarded with $50,000.&amp;#160; When Tesla came back to Edison to proudly announce he had accomplished his task, and asked for his reward, Edison told him it was a misunderstanding.&amp;#160; Edison allegedly told Tesla, &amp;quot;When you become a full-fledged American you will appreciate an American joke.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Frustrated by Edison&amp;#039;s insult Tesla resigned and began digging ditches to earn a living.&amp;#160; Tesla did not give up looking for an investor in his ideas for AC motors and components for AC power generation. Eventually Tesla found investors to finance his lab on Liberty Street in New York as he developed numerous patents for AC motors and generators.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1888 the first major event in Tesla&amp;#039;s victory over Edison in the War of Currents happened when Tesla joined forces with George Westinghouse. Pittsburgh industrialist and inventor George Westinghouse was familiar with AC power, and founded the Westinghouse Electric Company in 1886, established on the principle that electric company founded by his rival Thomas Edison was structurally flawed in its beliefs. Various versions of the story tell of how the deal went down and how the two men met.&amp;#160; Tesla sold many of his patents to Westinghouse, and went on to work for Westinghouse to defeat Edison. Westinghouse paid Tesla around $60,000 for his patents for AC motors and generators. Tesla was also given a salary to work for Westinghouse to help him implement AC power.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Over the next few years Tesla and Westinghouse would work together and two major accomplishments would mark their victory in the War of Currents over Edison. In 1892, after a fierce battle versus Edison, Westinghouse won the contract to power the Columbian Exposition.&amp;#160; On May 1, 1893,&amp;#160; President Grover Cleveland pushed a button&amp;#160; and a hundred thousand incandescent lamps illuminated the Columbian Exposition.&amp;#160; The success of the Tesla Polyphase System installed at the exposition would help Westinghouse in their next major victory in being awarded the initial Niagara Falls contract. Since his childhood, Tesla had dreamed of harnessing the power of the great natural wonder Niagara Falls.&amp;#160; In October 1893, Tesla&amp;#039;s&amp;#160; dream became a reality, when Westinghouse was awarded the&amp;#160; Niagara Falls Power contract to create the powerhouse. The Westinghouse company, with Tesla&amp;#039;s guidance, had won the War of Currents.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Colorado Springs 1899**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;With the War of Currents and his work for Westinghouse behind him, Tesla moved on to begin a new series of experiments.&amp;#160; With $30,000 from John Jacob Astor IV, thought to be among the richest people in the world at that time, Tesla begin building a new experimental station near Pikes Peak, Colorado.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The thinner, more conductive air of the high altitude and the large amount of lightning storms attracted to the area, made Colorado Springs a great location for Tesla&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;lightning factory&amp;quot; lab. Tesla was also attracted to the&amp;#160; free AC power from the El Paso Power Company. The free power ended when Tesla s experiment had burned out the dynamo at El Paso Electric Company, knocking out power for all of Colorado Springs.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The wealthy John Jacob Astor IV gave Tesla the money he used to build the Colorado Springs lab under the assumption that Telsa was going to develop and produce a new lighting system. Tesla instead, used the money to fund his&amp;#160; lab to experiment with high voltage, high frequency electricity, and the wireless transmission of power.&amp;#160; Convinced that he achieved the wireless transmission of power, Tesla returned back to New York City.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Wardenclyffe New York 1901**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1900, Tesla convinced J.P. Morgan he could build a trans-Atlantic wireless communication system.&amp;#160; During the early 1900s John Pierpont &amp;quot;J.P.&amp;quot; Morgan was one of the biggest high rollers in the world of corporate finance.&amp;#160; Morgan agreed to give Tesla $150,000 to build the wireless communication system in return for a 51% control of the promised system.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla designed and began to build his Wardenclyffe laboratory on Long Island, New York in 1901. Most accounts of the financial deal between Tesla and Morgan state it was for a specific amount of money for a specific project. J.P. Morgan thought he was investing in wireless communications, Tesla failed to mention the lab included his ideas of wireless power transmission.&amp;#160; Tesla claimed he needed more money and Morgan cut him off, not giving him what he needed to fully fund his dream lab.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Making matters worse, while Tesla was asking for more money from Morgan to fund his lab, Guglielmo Marconi was demonstrating wireless radio transmissions across the Atlantic. In December 1901, Marconi successfully sent a signal from England to Newfoundland.&amp;#160; In the end, Tesla never fully completed his Wardenclyffe laboratory because he ran out of money. Humiliated and defeated after the Wardenclyffe project was shutdown, Tesla experienced a complete nervous breakdown.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The wild and crazy later years**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;People often dwell of the War of the Currents and Tesla&amp;#039;s battle with Edison as the focus of Tesla&amp;#039;s life, but Tesla lived for more than four decades after the War of Currents. Tesla managed to maintain his super genius celebrity status in New York social circles.&amp;#160; Tesla hung out at New York&amp;#039;s finest restaurants mixing it up the New York elite. That&amp;#039;s how he would meet his famous investors like J.P Morgan and John Jacob Astor.&amp;#160; Tesla also became friends with Mark Twain who became a big fan of Tesla&amp;#039;s party tricks with electricity.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla had a great mind for science and technology, but his personal life was full of well noted obsessions and oddities. Tesla had the attention on many famous woman of the day, but his long list of phobias made it hard for him to have a relationship. Tesla had a phobia of round objects, particularly women’s earrings and couldn’t bear to touch hair.&amp;#160; Tesla was also obsessed with cleanliness and the number three.&amp;#160; Tesla was a proponent of a selective breeding and eugenics, he wanted to eliminate &amp;quot;undesirables&amp;quot; by sterilizing criminals and the mentally ill.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla never married, his fondest love was a pigeon. Tesla was often found in the public parks feeding the pigeons. Tesla would rescue injured pigeons, taking them back to his hotel room to nurse them. He said the pigeons were his sincere friends.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1915 the New York times reported that&amp;#160; Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison would be awarded the Novel Prize for physics.&amp;#160; For unknown reasons the award went to neither, as rumors circulated that both refused to share the honor with the other.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla became the bitter and angry malcontent scientist, he had very little praise for scientific discoveries of his day including relativity, and would often make negative statements about Albert Einstein. Tesla became close friends with George Viereck, a playboy, poet, and vampire novelist. Tesla composed the poem &amp;quot;Fragments of Olympian Gossip&amp;quot; in the late 1920s for Viereck. The poem made fun of the scientific establishment of the day, such as scientists Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla&amp;#039;s obsession with selling world governments his death beam consumed his final years.&amp;#160; In numerous interviews Tesla said he was working on what he called&amp;#160; &amp;quot;a machine to end war,&amp;quot; a death beam that would make war impossible by offering every country an &amp;quot;invisible Chinese wall.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla&amp;#039;s life story starts out like an epic science fiction saga.&amp;#160; The wild and crazy later years of Tesla sounded like something from the sci-fiction realm of the X-Files, as the prototypical mad scientist.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Tesla versus Edison and the search for the truth**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;In our next article in this series discussing Tesla, &amp;quot;Nikola Tesla versus Thomas Edison and the search for the truth,&amp;quot;&amp;#160; we will try to set the record straight in the battle of Nikola Tesla versus Thomas Edison. Ultimately there is Tesla&amp;#039;s story, there is Edison&amp;#039;s story, and then there is the truth somewhere in the middle.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:42:59 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>nikola-tesla-versus-thomas-edison-and-search-truth</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/nikola-tesla-versus-thomas-edison-and-search-truth</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/03/11 19:22&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Nikola Tesla versus Thomas Edison and the search for the truth ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ :tesla_image2.jpg|}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The lives of Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison, and the people they interacted with during their lifetimes, makes for an interesting story in defining a geek. Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison were two of the most prolific inventors of the twentieth century.&amp;#160; Many history books and&amp;#160; museums tell us Thomas Edison was greatest inventor of all times with a&amp;#160; thousand different patents for a variety of inventions. Nikola Tesla has&amp;#160; become a modern day cult hero on the Internet. In researching Nikola&amp;#160; Tesla you will find many people who are fanatics in their extreme zeal&amp;#160; to promote the legendary stories surrounding the legacy of Tesla,&amp;#160; claiming Edison and others took credit for many inventions that were&amp;#160; created by Tesla.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The goal of Geek History is to be fanatic at&amp;#160; finding the truth. There are so many myths and legends about Tesla, we&amp;#160; could write an entire chapter of debunking all the misinformation. For&amp;#160; the sake of setting the record straight in the battle of Edison versus&amp;#160; Tesla we though we needed to at least address some of the major points&amp;#160; of misinformation and put some things into perspective.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The often&amp;#160; quoted myth states that Tesla died in 1934 a broke and broken old man&amp;#160; because Edison stole Tesla&amp;#039;s ideas. The statement becomes the mantra to&amp;#160; make Tesla the patron saint of geeks and a martyr. The statement&amp;#160; perpetuates many myths about the life of Tesla being one of hardships&amp;#160; and failures.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Exactly what ideas of Tesla did Edison steal?**&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;During&amp;#160; the time Tesla worked for Edison they were on different sides of the&amp;#160; argument. Tesla hoped to show Edison his ideas on AC (alternating&amp;#160; current) but Edison refused to look at them because he was pushing for&amp;#160; DC (direct current) as the preferred method of electrical power&amp;#160; distribution. Perhaps the myth that Edison stole Tesla&amp;#039;s ideas is rooted&amp;#160; in Edison&amp;#039;s legacy of creating an invention factory where Edison used&amp;#160; his staff to develop ideas and turn them into patents. Some point to the&amp;#160; concept of the invention factory as the reason for his success, critics&amp;#160; say Edison took his invention factory too far, and Edison took credit&amp;#160; for any individual creativity by his employees.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Tesla died a broke because of Edison?**&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The&amp;#160; myth making Tesla a martyr, that he died a broke and broken old man&amp;#160; because of Edison, is a total head scratcher. In the war of currents,&amp;#160; the battle of AC versus DC, Tesla was victorious. In the 1890s. Tesla&amp;#160; defeated Edison teamed up with George Westinghouse, and was paid well&amp;#160; for his efforts. I&amp;#039;ve seen remarks made on the internet such as &amp;quot;Tesla&amp;#160; was cheated by both Edison and Westinghouse and died in poverty.&amp;quot;&amp;#160; It&amp;#039;s&amp;#160; sad to see people make misguided remarks saying that Westinghouse&amp;#160; cheated Tesla. In the article &amp;quot;Industrialist George Westinghouse used&amp;#160; Tesla power to defeat Edison&amp;quot;&amp;#160; we describe in detail the work that Tesla&amp;#160; and Westinghouse did together, and how Tesla was paid for his efforts.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Tesla was a humble and broken old man?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Critics&amp;#160; of Edison have said that Edison&amp;#039;s greatest invention was his own fame.&amp;#160; Fans of Tesla paint a picture of&amp;#160; a humble and broken old man that&amp;#160; didn&amp;#039;t seek fame. Tesla was at just as much a showman and pitchman as&amp;#160; Edison and he understood how to work a crowd. Tesla hung out at New&amp;#160; Yorks finest restaurants mixing it up the New York elite. That&amp;#039;s how he&amp;#160; would meet his famous investors like J.P Morgan and John Jacob Astor.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In&amp;#160; 1899, Tesla used money he received from John Jacob Astor IV, one of the&amp;#160; richest people in the world at the time,&amp;#160; to build a new laboratory in&amp;#160; Colorado Springs.&amp;#160; Various accounts say that Astor was not happy with&amp;#160; Tesla, and thought he was deceived. Astor thought he was investing in a&amp;#160; new lighting system, but Tesla used the money to fund his Colorado&amp;#160; Springs experiments.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1900, Tesla convinced John Pierpont&amp;#160; &amp;quot;J.P.&amp;quot; Morgan to invest $150,000 in him so he could build a&amp;#160; trans-Atlantic wireless communication system.&amp;#160; J.P. Morgan had&amp;#160; significant influence in the world of corporate finance the early 1900s.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;Tesla lost favor with J.P. Morgan for similar reasons to his falling&amp;#160; out with John Jacob Astor IV. Morgan believed that Tesla did not use the&amp;#160; money for the purpose of his original request.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1918, Tesla&amp;#160; moves to the Hotel St. Regis. After running up a balance of over $3,000,&amp;#160; he was forced to leave. Tesla moved to the luxurious Hotel Marguery on&amp;#160; the west side of Park Avenue. In 1925, Tesla rented another room at the&amp;#160; Hotel Pennsylvania while continuing to rent the room at Hotel Marguery.&amp;#160; Tesla had many pigeons he fed and cared for, in 1930 Tesla was asked to&amp;#160; leave the Hotel Pennsylvania after residents complained about the&amp;#160; droppings from his pets, and he fell behind in his rent. In 1930, moved&amp;#160; to the Hotel Governor Clinton. Once again falling behind in his rent&amp;#160; Tesla was forced to move.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Various accounts claim different reasons&amp;#160; for the Westinghouse Corporation coming to Tesla&amp;#039;s rescue, but Tesla&amp;#160; would move to the Hotel New Yorker in 1934, with the rent paid for by&amp;#160; Westinghouse.&amp;#160; One story is that Tesla was hit by a taxi on the streets&amp;#160; of New York and injured, Westinghouse executives agreed to pay his room&amp;#160; and board for the remainder of his life.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;For much of his life&amp;#160; spent living in New York, Tesla moved from one upscale hotel to another.&amp;#160; If you look at what Tesla received for his work with Westinghouse,&amp;#160; along with the investment money&amp;#160; from Astor and Morgan, he received the&amp;#160; modern day equivalent of several million dollars.&amp;#160; While the story of&amp;#160; his life may tell us he died broke, it does not paint the picture of&amp;#160; someone who lived in poverty and never got a fair break.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Why is Thomas Edison more famous than Nikola Tesla?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There&amp;#160; are various reasons why Thomas Edison became more famous than Nikola&amp;#160; Tesla. Edison developed close lifelong friendships with some of the most&amp;#160; powerful and influential people around in his day such as Henry Ford.&amp;#160; We also cover that relationship in various articles as well here on Geek&amp;#160; History. Without going off on a Henry Ford tangent, it&amp;#039;s safe to say&amp;#160; that Ford, like Edison, was a media superstar in his day.&amp;#160; At times&amp;#160; Tesla had the respect of the most powerful and influential people around&amp;#160; in his day, such as&amp;#160; J.P. Morgan and John Jacob Astor IV, but would&amp;#160; lose favor with them over time.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;Even if Edison wasn&amp;#039;t as smart&amp;#160; as smart as Tesla he wasn&amp;#039;t a fool. In the introduction to geek history&amp;#160; we discuss what is an invention, and who gets credit for inventing&amp;#160; things. In the case of many inventions, it goes beyond just having an&amp;#160; idea. Sometimes it even goes beyond building a prototype and proving the&amp;#160; concept. Edison did not invent the electric light bulb, but he was able&amp;#160; to develop a light bulb that was practical.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;A lot of the legacy of&amp;#160; both Thomas Edison and Henry Ford has to do with the image they created&amp;#160; for themselves. Edison and Ford build companies, they forged&amp;#160; partnerships.&amp;#160; Some people see capitalism as inherently evil. If that is&amp;#160; true, it is a necessary evil.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the PBS documentary &amp;quot;Tesla&amp;#160; Master of Lightning&amp;quot; Tesla&amp;#039;s grand-nephew William Terbo explains the&amp;#160; downfall of Nikola Tesla. &amp;quot;He was totally disinterested in business. He&amp;#160; did not make the relationship between the importance of business and the&amp;#160; importance of his invention and discovery.&amp;quot;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Many of the things&amp;#160; that Tesla allegedly invented were not developed in a university&amp;#160; laboratory where the processes were witnessed by experts or scholars,&amp;#160; they were not in the course of business, as was the case with Edison and&amp;#160; Ford.&amp;#160; Tesla preferred to work out theories with experiments before&amp;#160; implementing it with physical designs. Tesla created small private&amp;#160; laboratories with a small staff where he was in total control.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;A&amp;#160; New York Times quote from Tesla&amp;#160; on the death of Edison underscore the&amp;#160; differences between the two inventors: &amp;quot;If he had a needle to find in a&amp;#160; haystack he would not stop to reason where it was most likely to be, but&amp;#160; would proceed at once, with the feverish diligence of a bee, to examine&amp;#160; straw after straw until he found the object of his search. I was almost&amp;#160; a sorry witness of such doings, knowing that a little theory and&amp;#160; calculation would have saved him ninety per cent of his labor. &amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla was one of a small group of engineers working on AC in America in&amp;#160; the mid 1880s, but he was not the only one. Many of the &amp;quot;inventions&amp;quot; of&amp;#160; Nikola Tesla were not the sole idea of Tesla but were one of many&amp;#160; scientists and inventors.&amp;#160; When Tesla teamed up with Westinghouse, the&amp;#160; concept of AC power generation was already being developed by the&amp;#160; Westinghouse company, Tesla helped to improve upon the process and the&amp;#160; product. His partnership with Westinghouse was his greatest success. It&amp;#160; was also one of the few times where Tesla was on a team, rather than&amp;#160; working alone.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In our next article we will take a look at&amp;#160; Tesla&amp;#039;s relationship with inventor and entrepreneur George Westinghouse.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;When the phrase &amp;quot;War of Currents&amp;quot; is mentioned most people are quick&amp;#160; to say that was the great battle between Edison and Tesla. What often&amp;#160; gets lost in the conversation is that Tesla and George Westinghouse&amp;#160; worked together to win over Edison.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The legacy and legend of Nikola Tesla**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;We&amp;#160; have tried to contrast and compare Tesla and Edison, and look at some&amp;#160; of the common misinformation of the internet.&amp;#160; There is so many claims&amp;#160; to who invented what, we have not even touched on Tesla&amp;#039;s claims to&amp;#160; inventing radio, x-rays, and death rays.&amp;#160; We could show a long list of&amp;#160; inventions by Tesla, as well as Edison, and illustrate the discoveries&amp;#160; that came before them. But that does not change the fact that Edison and&amp;#160; Tesla were both visionaries and geeks. Both men had their own way of&amp;#160; looking at things and coming up with ways to improve upon them.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;We&amp;#160; are not trying to take anything away from the accomplishments of Nikola&amp;#160; Tesla. The constant bickering on who was the better inventor, followed&amp;#160; by endless rants of misinformation, serves no purpose. Some of the&amp;#160; conspiracy theories about why Tesla failed get pretty wild. There are&amp;#160; those that point to the government who shut Tesla down because of his&amp;#160; death ray that would end all wars.&amp;#160; The real conspiracy is why Tesla is&amp;#160; so popular on the internet and who is starting all the Tesla myths and&amp;#160; legends?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Einstein never said Tesla was a genius. But the internet sure wishes he did.**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;g2BDQwvf2Jw |Tesla Myths video}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 19:24:01 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>patent-wars-and-other-epic-battles-where-business-and-technology-mix</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/patent-wars-and-other-epic-battles-where-business-and-technology-mix</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/03/11 17:31&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Epic battles where business and technology mix ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ :edisonelectric640.jpg?400|}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the epic battles where business and technology mix, one of the most famous fights of the Industrial Age has been dubbed &amp;quot;The War of Currents.&amp;quot; The war was between the famous inventor Thomas Edison who backed DC (direct current) as the preferred method to delivery electricity to your home, and George Westinghouse who backed AC (alternating current).&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There are two other epic battles of business and technology that stand out as similar to the War of Currents, the war over television in the 1930s, and the browser wars of the 1990s.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The War of Currents**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the 1890s the War of Currents was a business and technology battle that started between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse. Many history books and website tout the battle as Edison versus Tesla. The cult of Tesla has glorified Nikola Tesla to be the ultimate inventor of AC power distribution.&amp;#160; Tesla was a genius, and a major contributor to AC Power distribution, but Tesla was a part of a team put together by George Westinghouse.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla and Westinghouse made a good team.&amp;#160; In areas where Tesla failed, Westinghouse excelled. Nikola Tesla was a visionary with many ideas, he could see the problems and solve them in his head. Westinghouse was a systems thinker. Westinghouse purchased various patents from European inventors Gaulard and Gibbs, and then purchased patents from Tesla, to build a system to that would distribute AC power to American homes.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Maybe Tesla understood his weakness, as he stated, &amp;quot;George Westinghouse was, in my opinion, the only man on this globe who could take my alternating-current system under the circumstances then existing and win the battle against prejudice and money power. He was one of the world&amp;#039;s true noblemen, of whom America may well be proud and to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When Tesla was a forgotten man living in New York hotels in the final years of his life, it was Westinghouse that was picking up the tab for his room and board.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;To put the &amp;quot;War of Currents&amp;quot; into perspective, it was a major victory for Team Westinghouse, and a major defeat for Thomas Edison, who lost control of Edison Electric over his stubbornness. Control of Edison Electric was wrestled away from Edison by J.P. Morgan who merged it with Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric.&amp;#160; George Westinghouse prevailed not only on the technology side, but also on the business side as he fought various patent battles in the years that followed.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;George Westinghouse started as an inventor of railroad products like the air brake. Westinghouse understood that beyond having an idea, to profit from an invention one must undertake manufacturing and marketing as well.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The war over television**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When I was young, always curious about science and inventors, I remember looking up who invented television. We had encyclopedias back then, and I remember reading that Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of television.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I don&amp;#039;t remember exactly what encyclopedia gave me that information, but for many years I took it as a fact that Zworykin invented television. Thanks to the commercialization of the internet in the 1990s I found a whole new world of information and discovered that the invention of television was not a simple question to answer.&amp;#160; I also learned of a battle by the followers of Philo T Farnsworth to promote his cause as the inventor of television.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Philo T. Farnsworth was a Mormon who lived in Utah, not exactly the place for the hot bed of technology. While in high he filled several blackboards with sketches and diagrams showing his high school science teacher his ideas for an electronic television system.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Russian scientist and inventor Boris Rosing started experimentation on various aspects of electronic television in the late 1890s. As a young engineering student, Vladimir Zworykin worked for Rosing and assisted him in some of his laboratory work. Zworykin moved to the United States following the Russian Revolution in 1919. When he arrived in America, Zworykin worked at Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Pittsburgh.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the 1920s David Sarnoff of RCA had the vision of developing television. In 1929 Sarnoff of RCA, a Russian American like Vladimir Zworykin, recruited him to develop television for RCA. Zworykin received an invitation from David Sarnoff to come to New York and discuss working for him at RCA to develop television.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;David Sarnoff offered to buy Farnsworth&amp;#039;s patents in 1931, with the condition that Farnsworth become an employee of RCA. Farnsworth refused Sarnoff&amp;#039;s offer and spend much of the next several years fighting David Sarnoff and RCA in the court room over television patents. Farnsworth eventually prevailed as RCA finally conceded to a multi-year licensing agreement with Farnsworth.&amp;#160; But Sarnoff and RCA would grab the spotlight as RCA introduced electronic television to the world at New York World&amp;#039;s Fair 1939.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Even though Farnsworth won the battle, defeating RCA in court to uphold his patent claims, he lost the war as the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation never took off. Farnsworth sold his company to International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) in 1951.Most people have heard of RCA (Radio Corporation of America), they went on to be a large and profitable company. Who knows of Farnsworth? Farnsworth&amp;#039;s family continues to promote his name, and his claim to the invention of television.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Just an interesting side note, RCA was originally part of GE (General Electric), the company created during the War of Currents. In the 1930s the U.S. Department of Justice forced GE to give up their ownership interests in RCA. Decades later, in 1986 GE would once again acquire RCA. Interesting bits of tech history wrapped up in RCA.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There have been comparisons made to David Sarnoff of RCA as a driving force to establish the dominance of his company in the development of television to Bill Gates of Microsoft and his obsession to have Internet Explorer win the browser wars.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The browser wars**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;What often gets lost in the discussion of the internet is the final piece of the puzzle, the web browser, the client software that connects the desktop computer in front of you to a server somewhere else in the world.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Mosaic was the web browser that led to the Internet boom of the 1990s.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;American entrepreneur and computer scientist James Henry Clark and recruited Marc Andreessen, one of the creators of the Mosaic Web browser at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), to create Netscape Communications Corporation, and produce a web browser called Netscape Navigator, based on the Mosaic web browser. The world is ready to take on the graphical world wide web, and Netscape Navigator becomes the popular browser to &amp;quot;surf the web.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;A lot was happening in the world of personal computing around 1995.&amp;#160; The graphical user interface of Windows 95 coming along at the same time the world was discovering the internet was the perfect storm for Microsoft.&amp;#160; Microsoft was releasing their new desktop computer operating system called Windows 95 which included a web browser called Internet Explorer.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The war was fought over Microsoft bundling the web browser as a part of the desktop computer operating system, a claim that would be challenged in the courts. The court room fights lingered on, with very little negative effects on Microsoft.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1997, Microsoft declares war on Netscape with the release of Internet Explorer 4. The war was officially on when a a group of Microsoft employees placed a large metal likeness of the Internet Explorer logo on the front lawn at Netscape Communications in Mountain View, California. In the five years that followed Netscape&amp;#039;s browser market share went from more than 70% to less than 5%.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The life and death of Netscape Navigator is a brief history that spanned only about ten years. In the ten-year period from 1993 to 2003, Netscape Navigator went from the leading web browser of the internet to an afterthought left in the dust.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**What about Apple versus Microsoft**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Some people might mention the battle of Apple versus Microsoft as an epic battle. The outgoing Steve Jobs often made the more nerdy Bill Gates look silly, but over the years Bill Gates and Steve Jobs had a working respectful working relationship.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In fact, many present-day Apple fanboys may not realize that back in 1997 Apple was on the verge of bankruptcy and Steve Jobs got Bill Gates to save the company with a $150 million investment.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The &amp;quot;who invented it&amp;quot; battle**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;Q__UOpWw03k |Who Really Invented It? }}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The battles where business and technology mix are often the story of patent fights and court room battles. Online forums debate who did it first and point to patents.&amp;#160; Often the right to claim credit for an invention is often based on the the first person to patent the item and being part of the company that was the first to bring that item to the marketplace.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Invention is a word that is very fuzzy in common usage. Often what people say is an invention is simply a vision, an idea. It is interesting how many ideas are issued a patent without a working prototype being created. That gets into a big issue of intellectual property definitions, which gets way too deep for this conversation.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Closing with a bit of trivia. The first &amp;quot;invention&amp;quot; registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, July 31, 1790, was a formula for fertilizer.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) opened in 1790, there were 3 patents that year; one was a formula for fertilizer, the second a process in the manufacturing of candles, and the third was an automated flour mill.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;We will have more on the individual stories of these visionary inventors and their stories in upcoming chapters.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 17:31:53 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>pittsburgh-forefront-technology-inventions-and-innovation</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/pittsburgh-forefront-technology-inventions-and-innovation</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/25 23:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Before Silicon Valley created computers Geek History was made in Pittsburgh. ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When asked what is Pittsburgh known for, the popular answers mention steel mills and sports teams. When the question what is Pittsburgh known for is asked in the context of famous inventors and innovative technology, it is interesting to see how Pittsburgh rose to the forefront of technology innovation during the industrial revolution.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;As someone who grew up in Western Pennsylvania who studies Geek History, I am proud to share the amazing history of the area as it relates to technology. There are many famous inventors who were involved the development of radio and television that passed through Pittsburgh by way of George Westinghouse and the University of Pittsburgh.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**George Westinghouse planted the seed of innovation in Pittsburgh**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;One of the most famous inventors to call Pittsburgh home was George Westinghouse. A life long geek who loved to tinker in technology, as a young man Westinghouse worked in his father&amp;#039;s factory in upstate New York. Westinghouse came to Pittsburgh at the age of 23 in 1868, in search of steel for his patented railcar replacer and railway frog. As an inventor, Westinghouse was deeply interested in making railroads safer. He went on to patent his renowned Westinghouse Airbrake, which led to the creation of The Westinghouse Airbrake Manufacturing Company in 1869.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Westinghouse lived most of his adult life in Pittsburgh. In 1910, George Westinghouse retired and moved back to New York. In 1914, George Westinghouse passed away. He died in a wheelchair. Forever the inventor, Westinghouse was working on an electric wheelchair at the time of his death. Westinghouse had 314 patents of his own inventions, and was in control of over 15,000 patents.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;George Westinghouse was a quiet and humble man who did not seek the attention of the media. Westinghouse earned the respect of the employees of the companies he created. A monument in Pittsburgh honoring Westinghouse was paid for by employees of Westinghouse companies. The Dedication Plaque located on the back side of Westinghouse Memorial and Pond in Schenley Park starts with the following sentence, &amp;quot;This memorial unveiled October 6, 1930, in honor of George Westinghouse is an enduring testimonial to the esteem, affection and loyalty of 60,000 employees of the great industrial organizations of which he was the founder.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Many of the Westinghouse companies live on in mergers with other companies. Westinghouse gave the world safer rail transportation, steam turbines, gas lighting and heating, and electricity to the average American&amp;#039;s home. Westinghouse planted the seed of innovation and put Pittsburgh on the forefront of technology.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**War of Currents goes through Pittsburgh**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The War of Currents is the famous business and technology battle between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse over which method should be used to deliver electricity to American homes.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;During the 1880s Thomas Edison began to construct electrical generating stations based on DC (direct current) power. Westinghouse believed that AC was a better method of power distribution, and believed that electric company founded by his rival Thomas Edison was structurally flawed in its beliefs of using DC power.&amp;#160; The concept of AC power distribution was not a new concept for Westinghouse, because he was also an inventor in the natural gas industry.&amp;#160; Westinghouse became interested in the inventions of European Inventors Gaulard and Gibbs and purchased the American rights to their patents for AC current transformers in 1885. Westinghouse and his staff worked on improving and redesigning the transformers, and the Westinghouse Electric Company was started in 1886.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Westinghouse was impressed with the work of Nikola Tesla and approached him about joining forces. Westinghouse brought the legendary master of lightning to Pittsburgh and purchased Tesla&amp;#039;s alternating current patents on the electric systems and paid Tesla to work with him until they were fully implemented.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Everyone talks about the great inventor Thomas Edison, calling him the Wizard of Menlo Park. One of the biggest defeats in the career of Edison was the War of Currents, where Edison lost to George Westinghouse.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Radio Pioneer Fessenden connections to Westinghouse and Pitt**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Although Canada takes credit for being the birth place of radio pioneer Reginald Fessenden, he would cross paths with George Westinghouse during the War of Currents, and eventually come to Pittsburgh. Because Edison lost the bid to light the 1893 World&amp;#039;s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, he blocked George Westinghouse from using any light bulbs designed by Edison. Fessenden&amp;#039;s invention of silicon-iron and nickel-iron alloys for the lead-in wires in electric light bulbs and the methods for sealing wires in a glass envelope gave Westinghouse an alternative to the Edison bulbs and allowed Westinghouse to fulfill his commitment.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;George Westinghouse lured Fessenden to the University in Pittsburgh because Westinghouse had already seen the engineer&amp;#039;s genius and wanted him close at hand.&amp;#160; Westinghouse recruited Fessenden to become the first head of electrical engineering at Western University of Pennsylvania, later named the University of Pittsburgh. Fessenden was chair of Pitt&amp;#039;s electrical engineering department from 1893 to 1900. After seven years at the University of Pittsburgh, ending in the spring of 1900, Fessenden moved on and continued his experiments.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Fessenden began experimenting with wireless telephones in 1898. Fessenden used Pittsburgh as his test bed for wireless telephones setting up a wireless communication system functioning between Pittsburgh and Allegheny City in 1899, and achieved the first wireless voice transmission in December 1900.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Fessenden successfully made the first long-distance transmission on Christmas Eve 1906. The broadcast was advertised three days in advance of Christmas, telegraphed to ships of the U.S Navy and the United Fruit Co., which were equipped with apparatus intended to receive the broadcast. Fessenden broadcast his voice and his violin performance over the Atlantic, startling and mystifying sailors who typically were listening for dots and dashes and the occasional seagull, and heard &amp;quot;O Holy Night&amp;quot; instead.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When asking who is the &amp;quot;Father of Radio,&amp;quot; you may start a debate over whether Tesla or Marconi should be given that honor. The name of Reginald Fessenden deserves mention as well.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Radio broadcasting takes off in Pittsburgh**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Because of Fessenden&amp;#039;s Pittsburgh connections Western Pennsylvania became the incubator of modern radio. Radio began as a one-to-one method of communication.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Westinghouse engineer Dr. Frank Conrad was a Pittsburgh area ham operator. Conrad played records for his friends over the airwaves. An executive at Westinghouse heard about Conrad&amp;#039;s broadcast and asked Conrad to help set up a regularly transmitting radio station in Pittsburgh.&amp;#160; On November 2, 1920, Westinghouse&amp;#039;s KDKA began regular broadcasts. They chose that date because it was election day, and the power of radio was proven when people could hear the results of the presidential race before they read about it in the newspaper.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Television Pioneer Zworykin works for Westinghouse earns degree at Pitt**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Just as Fessenden is one of many people considered the &amp;quot;Father of Radio,&amp;quot;&amp;#160; another famous inventor with a Pittsburgh connection is considered by some as the &amp;quot;Father of Television.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;As a young engineering student, Vladimir Zworykin worked for Russian scientist and inventor Boris Rosing and assisted him in some of his laboratory work. Zworykin moved to the United States following the Russian Revolution in 1919. When he arrived in America, Zworykin worked at Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Pittsburgh.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Zworykin had an opportunity to engage in television experiments at Westinghouse. His work on television resulted&amp;#160; in two patent applications. The first, entitled &amp;quot;Television Systems&amp;quot;, was filed on December 29, 1923, and was followed by a second application in 1925 that was awarded in 1928.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Zworykin applied to the physics department at the University of Pittsburgh in 1924. Due to his previous credited work Zworykin received his Ph.D. only two years later upon completion of his dissertation on the improvement of photoelectric cells.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the 1920s David Sarnoff of RCA had the vision of developing television. In 1929 Sarnoff, a Russian American like Vladimir Zworykin, recruited him to develop television for RCA.&amp;#160; Sarnoff put Zworykin in charge of television development for RCA at their laboratories in Camden, New Jersey..&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;With the invention of radio and television it is difficult to give one person credit as the sole inventor, but in the case of Fesseden and Zworkyin they both played a key role in the inventions of the technology.&amp;#160; The careers of both Fesseden and Zworkyin included connections to Westinghouse and the University of Pittsburgh.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**When Pittsburg became Pittsburgh**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Here&amp;#039;s a geeky history question I came up with while I was reading a book from 1909 published by George Westinghouse. I noticed that every reference to Pittsburgh is spelled &amp;quot;Pittsburg.&amp;quot; I wondered, is that just something done by George? Was there ever a time when it was acceptable to spell Pittsburgh as Pittsburg?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I found out that in 1890, the United States Board on Geographic Names decided that the final h was to be dropped in the names of all cities and towns ending in burgh. There was a period between 1890 and 1911 when the &amp;quot;h&amp;quot; was dropped because the United States Post Office Department, following the United State Board of Geographic Names, had dropped the final &amp;quot;h.&amp;quot;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Before Silicon Valley created computers Geek History was made in Pittsburgh.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;Pittsburgh460.jpg&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;Read more on The Legacy of George Westinghouse&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 19:28:44 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>readme</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/readme</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2025/10/30 23:08&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== README 1ST From the desk of chief geek and guru ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Personal Reflections**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the early days of personal computers, you would purchase your software on a 5 1/4-inch floppy disk as shown in this photo. Typically, on the root directory of the floppy you would find a text file named README.TXT or README.1ST that would give you the setup instructions of the program on the floppy disk.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**From my desk of references and resources**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ :geekdesk1.jpg?|}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The instructions for use of the GeekHistory website are to open your mind and explore.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I&amp;#039;ve read quite a bit on the history of technology that gets very deep in the geek speak. In the spirit of the Guru 42 network of websites, GeekHistory has the mission of challenging oversimplified narratives and spotlighting the real, nuanced journey of human innovation.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;It&amp;#039;s amusing how many of things I learned as a youth have a different are seen from a different perspective now.&amp;#160; I grew up learning that Thomas Edison was one of the most prolific scientists of all time.&amp;#160; But now I realize Edison was one of many people that brought the light bulb and electric power into our homes. I&amp;#039;ve come to appreciate the most forgotten geek George Westinghouse who masterminded the team of engineers that brought AC power to our homes.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I learned many years ago that Vladamir Zworkyin was the inventor of television.&amp;#160; While I still admire Zworkyin as a scientist, I have since learned Zworkyin was merely a tool used by the powerful David Sarnoff of RCA to wrestle away the credit of the invention of television from other inventors.&amp;#160; No single person should be credited as the inventor of television.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the case of people like Thomas Edison and David Sarnoff the credit for an invention is often based on the first person to patent the item and being part of the company that was the first to bring that item to the marketplace.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Stay tuned for the stories of these forgotten geeks as we tell their stories.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**From my desk of references and resources **&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The photo at the top of the page shows a box of floppy disks and an internet reference book from my desk.&amp;#160; The floppy disks are from the 1980s. The internet reference book is dated 1994 and contains over 1100 pages on the new-fangled technology of the internet.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The collection of material for the study of geek history dates back to my early days in technology as far back as the 1970s. I started working in telecommunications in the 1970s and moved on to office automation in the 1980s.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Computers in the early 1990s were not all that graphical, and access to online services, and eventually the internet, was done on a time limited basis.&amp;#160; Your dial up access to your online service included a few hours of access.&amp;#160; You did not leave your computer continuously logged on and plugged into the internet as many of us do today. You had a plan for what you wanted to get while online and downloaded the files to be read later.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I started teaching how to use the internet, and web building in the late 1990s. I still have a lot of notes from back then, with web site URLs as references for my material.&amp;#160; Some of my resources are notes from websites that no longer exist. Very few of the sites still exist in the form they did back then&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When I was teaching internet technologies and how to use a search engine in the late 1990s, I found a lot of good reference material on the Altavista website.&amp;#160; Thankfully I printed a lot of that content and have paper copies still in binder.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;** Don&amp;#039;t Trust an Expert**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I use the terms geeks and gurus not in a derogatory sense, but as words to describe people who are passionate, and perhaps at time even obsessive, about their work.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I use the term guru to mean teacher. My mantra has always been not to tell someone how to do something, but to educate, to provide information, so people can make informed decisions.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Will Rogers described an expert as &amp;quot;a man fifty miles from home with a briefcase.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Although the term &amp;quot;guru&amp;quot; is often used in the same context as &amp;quot;expert&amp;quot; in my humble opinion they should be very different.&amp;#160; I avoid self-proclaimed experts who profess to know all the answers. They feel their knowledge is absolute. That&amp;#039;s why they fail at times.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Telling a story from a different point of view can be interesting.&amp;#160; Like many journeys in life a story can be told from various points of view. One version is not necessarily more or less accurate than another, just that sometimes the perspective of the storyteller may bring a few new insights on a topic.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There are very few absolutes in life. Experience is gained from personal perspectives. and it needs to be referenced and put into the proper context when used in other situations. You can’t Google the lessons I’ve learned. My experience didn’t come from webinars, LinkedIn courses, or influencers explaining it to me.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;You must continue to gain expertise, but avoid thinking like an expert.&amp;quot; ... Denis Waitley&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Who Do You Trust?**&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The best technology trainers I have had over the years were field engineers who were also good teachers. Working in many areas of the technology industry for over 40 years, as well as teaching for various community colleges in numerous settings, I have many years of material in my head as far as technology tips for small businesspeople, as well as questions commonly asked by students on technology topics.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Researching various online writing opportunities over the years I find it amusing that companies looking for freelance writers for technology topics are often more interested in my education and writing experience than they are in my experience in technology. Writing is a lot like teaching, you can be a professional writer, or teacher, without being a professional in the field you are writing or teaching. I prefer to read something written by someone who is sharing first-hand personal experience, not someone who is just writing for the sake of writing.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I believe in karma, and the concept of pay it forward. I have learned many life lessons and have many experiences to share. If there is a quick tip or trick on a given topic I can share, I try my best to communicate it.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Talk is Cheap, Wisdom is Priceless&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The Cynic manifesto: digging into the lies the internet spreads and the ancient wisdom of Diogenes**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;_Qb1QSS5cRA |The Cynic manifesto}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Up next: [[visionary| Greatest Geek Visionaries]]**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Sun, 08 Mar 2026 07:01:37 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>search-greatest-inventors-and-technology-innovators</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/search-greatest-inventors-and-technology-innovators</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/06/09 23:44&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 58:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 58:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;That is exactly what innovation is all about, pick the right set of existing ideas and combine them in a new way that works better than before.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;That is exactly what innovation is all about, pick the right set of existing ideas and combine them in a new way that works better than before.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Video link&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;gt; {{ youtube&amp;gt;Q__UOpWw03k | Visionaries, Inventors, Innovators, and Industrialists.&amp;#160; }}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**Who Really Invented It? Visionaries, Inventors, Innovators, and Industrialists.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;** &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;Q__UOpWw03k | Visionaries, Inventors, Innovators, and Industrialists.&amp;#160; }}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;**My perspective of the story teller**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;**My perspective of the story teller**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 23:45:53 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>sidebar</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/sidebar</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/02 21:59&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 15:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 15:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;**[[when-was-internet-invented-jcr-licklider-guides-1960s-arpa-vision| Internet visionary J.C.R. Licklider &amp;quot;Computing&amp;#039;s Johnny Appleseed&amp;quot;]]**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 22:00:25 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>start</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/start</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/02 14:19&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 9:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 9:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;GeekHistory exists to challenge those oversimplified narratives. We explore the real, nuanced journey of human innovation by following the visionaries, inventors, engineers, entrepreneurs, and forgotten geeks whose ideas built the modern world.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;GeekHistory exists to challenge those oversimplified narratives. We explore the real, nuanced journey of human innovation by following the visionaries, inventors, engineers, entrepreneurs, and forgotten geeks whose ideas built the modern world.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;One of the biggest misconceptions of any type of history is when a single person is credited for a discovery. We often fail to realize that the discovery was not the work of a single person done in a void of any outside influence.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Technology rarely appears because one person has a brilliant idea one afternoon. Most breakthroughs are evolutionary. Visionaries imagine what could exist. Engineers prove it&amp;#039;s possible. Inventors solve technical problems. Entrepreneurs build industries. By the time the history books are written, most of those contributors have been condensed into a single famous name.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 25:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 29:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Defining an invention is a rhetorical question. Let me conclude with my own rhetorical question. Why do we fight over who gets credit for an invention, rather than honor and respect all those who have contributed in turning visions into reality?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Defining an invention is a rhetorical question. Let me conclude with my own rhetorical question. Why do we fight over who gets credit for an invention, rather than honor and respect all those who have contributed in turning visions into reality?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;**Who invented the internet?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;There are so many urban legends and so much folk lore surrounding the internet. I have read so many articles where the history of the internet is so mangled.&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;The&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;internet was an evolution&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;many different communications and technology tools coming together to create the communications system we now call the internet. There are many key players in this evolution, to give any single one credit for inventing the internet does not do justice to the many contributions that were so significant.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;The&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;goal&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;GeekHistory**&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**Who invented&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;television?**&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Technology doesn’t happen overnight. It doesn’t spring fully formed from&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;mind of a single genius. It grows through collaboration, competition, trial, error, and the stubborn persistence of people whose names never make it into the spotlight.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Next to the internet, arguably the next most significant invention, as far as impact on the life of the average American,&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;is&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;the television. But how many Americans can actually tell you who invented it? There are many arguments here as well, as&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;to&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;who should get credit for inventing the technology used in&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;first commercial televisions&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;GeekHistory&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;is&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;my attempt&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;to&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;correct&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;record&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**The goal&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of GeekHistory&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;**&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;I’ve spent my life working with radios, telecommunications, computers, networks, and the messy evolution&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;of&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;the internet. From Army National Guard radio systems in the 1970s, to my first FCC radiotelephone license, to decades in field service, systems administration, and telecom—I&amp;#039;ve watched technology evolve in real time. I published my first article on PC telecommunications in 1988, taught internet basics in the mid 1990s, and registered&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;GeekHistory&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;.com in 2001 as a place to share the stories behind the technology.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;My goal for my&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;GeekHistory&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;website is&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;to&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;increase awareness&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;educate&lt;/strong&gt;, and&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;entertain. We expose myths and misinformation behind urban legends and explore&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;science and technology history when&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;visions&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;became&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;reality.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;I’m not a professor with a research team. I’m one geek who loves history, technology, and myth busting.&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;GeekHistory&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;isn’t meant&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;to&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;be an academic archive. It’s meant to spark curiosity&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;challenge assumptions&lt;/strong&gt;, and&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;shine a light on&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;many minds who turned&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;visions&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;into&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;reality.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;My lifelong love of history and technology comes together at GeekHistory.&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;I&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;began working with radios&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;and&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;telecommunications in&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Army National Guard in the 1970s and my first certification was an FCC general class radiotelephone license. A life long evolution from field service technician for various office automation companies through my current career in systems administration and telecommunications has inspired me as a writer and web developer of technology topics&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;The more&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;I&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;learn, the more questions I have—&lt;/strong&gt;and the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;more I want to share&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;My first published article on &amp;quot;PC telecommunications&amp;quot; was in 1988, explaining how&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;to&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;use your computer plugged into&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;phonelines to share information.&amp;#160; I started teaching people about how to use the internet when it first went public in the mid 1990s&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Welcome&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;to the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;journey&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;The idea for the website GeekHistory started out with teaching Internet and browser basics courses in 1996. Even though the internet went commercial in the mid 1990s, I would start each course with a brief history lesson showing the evolution of the internet that started in the 1960s. I registered the domain GeekHistory.com back in 2001. It was just a shell of a website for many years, just an idea bouncing around in my brain.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;I am not a university professor with a team of editors and advisers working with me developing a website. I am one man who loves technology and history and is amazed by how little people know about the great minds in the world of technology. Geek History is not meant to be an authoritative source for technology history. In depth discussions of the technology is kept to a minimum. We are just trying to get you to think about the many amazing people that have contributed to the work of technology.  &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;A Voice With a Mission&lt;/strong&gt;.**&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;**&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Setting the stage for the journey ahead&lt;/strong&gt;.**&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;One of my inspirations for my Guru42 Universe of websites is the Oliver Wendall Holmes quote,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;Man&amp;#039;s mind once stretched never goes back to its original dimension.&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;The more I learn about geek history, the more questions I have, and the more I want to know.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;One of my inspirations for my Guru42 Universe of websites is the Oliver Wendall Holmes quote,&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;“&lt;/strong&gt;Man&amp;#039;s mind once stretched never goes back to its original dimension.&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;”&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;The more I learn about geek history, the more questions I have, and the more I want to know&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;I’ve spent decades working in telecom, computing, and internet technology — watching myths form in real time. GeekHistory is my way of pushing back. Not with lectures, but with stories that make you rethink everything you thought you knew about how technology came to be. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;If you’re ready to explore the real origins of the digital world, you’re in the right place. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;That&amp;#039;s what GeekHistory is about. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Looking past the legends. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Following the evidence. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;And giving credit to the people whose ideas helped build the modern world—even if history left them out&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Consider this simply an introduction, for the journey ahead. My perspective of the storyteller may bring a few new insights on the many forgotten geeks, as we explore the origins of all things geek. We&amp;#039;ll take a look at the inventors as much as we do the inventions.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;**Up next: [[ReadMe| Read Me First]]**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;**Up next: [[ReadMe| Read Me First]]**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 14:39:35 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>tesla-tower-wardenclyffe-and-free-energy-myth</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/tesla-tower-wardenclyffe-and-free-energy-myth</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/03/08 06:49&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Tesla tower at Wardenclyffe and the free energy myth ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ :wardenclyffe_tower460.jpg?400|}}As we dig deeper in researching topics here at GeekHistory the one topic that people keep asking questions about is Nikola Tesla&amp;#039;s tower at Wardenclyffe and his free energy theories. We have addressed many of the commonly asked questions in this article.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Wardenclyffe New York 1901**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Nikola Tesla sold his Wardenclyffe tower idea to J.P. Morgan based on a plan to send wireless messages to Europe and compete with Marconi. The contract was agreed upon in February of 1901 and signed in March for Morgan to give Tesla $150,000 to build a tower to transmit radio. Tesla began to build his Wardenclyffe laboratory on Long Island, New York in 1901.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Soon after construction began it became apparent that Tesla was going to run out of money before it was finished. Tesla underestimated the cost of building the tower, and economic conditions were causing prices to rise for the materials Tesla needed.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla&amp;#039;s personal goal was to use the tower for the transmission of power as well as information. Morgan was expecting to make money on radio. The wireless power angle was Tesla’s idea, it was never part of Morgan’s plans. It was never finished because Tesla ran out of money.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Various sources place the abandonment of the project at around 1904. Tesla took out a mortgage on Wardenclyffe with George C. Boldt of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel to cover his living expenses. Boldt eventually foreclosed on the Wardenclyffe property and the tower was torn down and sold for scrap in 1917. Adding to the Tesla mythology and conspiracy theories was the timing of the demolition of the tower, during WWI. Various stories were told that the tower was demolished on orders of the United States Government because German spies were using it as a radio transmitter or observation post.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Did J.P. Morgan withdraw backing?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There are many conspiracy theories that blame J.P. Morgan for Tesla&amp;#039;s failure at Wardenclyffe, stating that J.P. Morgan withdrew support because he saw no way to make money on wireless power.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla&amp;#039;s dream tower cost him a lot more than he had planned. Tesla signed a contract with J.P. Morgan in 1901 to receive a total of $150,000. Equivalent to millions in modern dollars, that was a pretty generous offer. That was actually $50,000 more than his initial request.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;J. P. Morgan was a ruthless banker, part of the business culture of the late 1800s known as Robber Barons. The Robber Barons were the venture capitalists of their day, the 19th century version of Shark Tank. Tesla sold his tower idea to Morgan with a plan to send wireless messages to Europe and compete with Marconi. Tesla failed to mention the lab included his ideas of wireless power transmission.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla came back to Morgan to ask him for more money at a time J.P. Morgan was having his own financial issues with a panic on Wall Street. When you go back to the bank to ask for more money, after they have already given you a substantial amount, and now you need more money, what do you think your odds of success are?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla pleaded to Morgan for more funds, Morgan said no. It&amp;#039;s not that Morgan withdrew his backing, it was he refused to provide additional funding. Morgan had already fulfilled his part of the initial contract. When Tesla came back to Morgan asking for additional funds, what incentive did Morgan have to give Tesla more money?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Why wasn&amp;#039;t Nikola Tesla able to raise more funds from investors?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When Tesla walked away from his partnership with Westinghouse he was a rich man. Contrary to many stories that Tesla walked away from his royalty contract with Westinghouse, he did receive a lump sum settlement when he severed ties with Westinghouse in the neighborhood of $200,000. Keep in mind we are talking 1890s dollars, which would be the equivalent of millions of dollars today.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;With the War of Currents and his work for Westinghouse behind him, Tesla moved on to begin a new series of experiments. With a $30,000 investment from John Jacob Astor IV, thought to be among the richest people in the world at that time, Tesla begin building a new experimental station near Pikes Peak, Colorado.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The wealthy John Jacob Astor IV gave Tesla the money he used to build the Colorado Springs lab under the assumption that Tesla was going to develop and produce a new lighting system. Tesla instead used the money to fund his lab to experiment with high voltage, high frequency electricity, and the wireless transmission of power. Tesla misrepresented his intentions.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla&amp;#039;s biggest obstacle was often himself. Just like he was with John Jacob Astor IV, Tesla was less than honest with J.P. Morgan, as his plan was to concentrate on a system of wireless transmission of power, not a system of radio transmission that he sold to Morgan. Once you burn your bridges with two of the richest men in the world, it&amp;#039;s hard to get funding for future projects.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Looking for the lost files of &amp;quot;Tesla`s Latest Wonder&amp;quot;**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Some conspiracy theories say that the secrets to the success of Tesla&amp;#039;s wireless power ideas are lost. The original ideas of Tesla are not exactly lost. Tesla&amp;#039;s ideas were published and patented in the late 1890s. At the end of this article you will find the links to Tesla&amp;#039;s patents and the San Francisco call newspaper article from 1898.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The article published in 1898 titled &amp;quot;Tesla`s Latest Wonder&amp;quot; describes, &amp;quot;What Tesla proposes to do now is to transmit almost any amount of power almost any distance without wires, and without loss.&amp;quot; Tesla&amp;#039;s filed two patents on wireless electricity. Patent US 645576: System of transmission of electrical energy, was filed by Nikola Tesla in 1897, and Patent US 649621: Apparatus for transmission of electrical energy, was filed by Nikola Tesla in 1900. In addition to his patents, Tesla&amp;#039;s notes from his experiments in Colorado from around 1899 have also been found, and nothing has been made from them either.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There are numerous unanswered questions regarding Tesla&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;free power&amp;quot; ideas. The fact that there are so many questions that need to be answered about the details of Tesla&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;free power&amp;quot; shows that Tesla&amp;#039;s theories were far from a finished product. Even though wireless electricity is being developed on a small scale, it is still very far from a working system at the level that Tesla proposed.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tesla&amp;#039;s wireless transmission ideas that were attached to the Wardencliffe project were never anything more than just a dream. We could second guess all the &amp;quot;what if&amp;quot; scenarios of how Tesla could have done it better, done it differently, but the bottom-line is, it never became a working system.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There are a lot of great scientists in the world of physics that have access to all these great ideas of Tesla&amp;#039;s, you would think that if it were practical they would have been able to create Tesla&amp;#039;s dream machine.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**The free energy myth**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The phrases &amp;quot;free energy&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;make power free&amp;quot; as they are used in Tesla mythology assume that everything about the process is free. Even if Tesla&amp;#039;s idea was a reality, he could somehow extract electricity from the earth to be reused, it would be free in the sense that we did not have to burn coal, or burn oil, to fire up a generator to produce the electricity. In that sense there are many forms of &amp;quot;free energy&amp;quot; such as wind power, solar power, and water power. Study the field of alternative energy and you will find many ways to generate &amp;quot;free energy&amp;quot; by avoiding the use of fossil fuels and nuclear power.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;But even with &amp;quot;free energy&amp;quot; there is the cost of a system to distribute the electricity. Even if Tesla&amp;#039;s idea was a reality, the way to initially create the energy was &amp;quot;free,&amp;quot; there would the cost of building transmitters and receivers to make it usable in your home.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Go to your local convenience store, and ask them for a free bottle of natural spring water. What, it&amp;#039;s not free? That water came from the ground, and it has no cost associated with producing it! That&amp;#039;s right, but there is a cost associated with getting that free substance from the ground to you in a usable form. That&amp;#039;s the cost of distribution.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;You are free to eat your lunch anywhere you chose, but the lunch isn&amp;#039;t free, that you will have to pay for.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Was Nikola Tesla crazy for thinking free energy was possible?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;An often used expression is that there a fine line between genius and insanity. Over the course of history there have been many highly intelligent people who have done some very crazy things.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison are often portrayed as bitter rivals because they were on different sides of the War of Currents. But when they crossed paths later in life there are indications that there was some degree of mutual respect between them. Perhaps this bit of mutual respect was because they were both very ate about their beliefs.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Even when it was becoming obvious that DC (direct current) would lose out to AC (alternating current) as the primary form of delivering electricity to our homes, Edison refused to back off of his belief in his ideas. Edison lost control of Edison Electric because of his stubbornness, and he did some very crazy things during the War of Currents. But Edison was also successful with many inventions, in spite of his stubbornness and compulsive behavior.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;After defeating Edison in the War of Currents, Tesla became so obsessed with proving many of his &amp;quot;free power&amp;quot; theories that he lost credibility in the eyes of his contemporaries. Did Tesla&amp;#039;s obsessions cross over the line between genius and insanity? Some would say yes. The phrase that would better describe Tesla&amp;#039;s obsession with free power is that he was blinded by his ambition.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;//He who blinded by ambition, raises himself to a position whence he cannot mount higher, must fall with the greatest loss. – Niccolò Machiavelli//&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Einstein never said Tesla was a genius. But the internet sure wishes he did.**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;g2BDQwvf2Jw |Tesla Myths video}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 19:14:59 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>the-westinghouse-team-responsible-for-electricity-and-ac-power-in-our-homes</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/the-westinghouse-team-responsible-for-electricity-and-ac-power-in-our-homes</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/02 00:29&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 80:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 80:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;If you think I’m here to tear down Tesla, I’m not. I’m here to give you the raw, cranky, geek‑history truth&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;—&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;not the crowdsourced mythology.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;If you think I’m here to tear down Tesla, I’m not. I’m here to give you the raw, cranky, geek‑history truth&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;not the crowdsourced mythology.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;And if there was ever a forgotten geek whose story deserves the spotlight, it’s Benjamin Garver Lamme.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;And if there was ever a forgotten geek whose story deserves the spotlight, it’s Benjamin Garver Lamme.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Yes, there’s a Tesla statue on both the American and Canadian sides of Niagara Falls. But despite Lamme being the chief architect of the Niagara generators&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;—&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the machines that actually made Tesla’s AC system real&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;—&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;there isn’t a single plaque at the Falls that mentions him by name.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Yes, there’s a Tesla statue on both the American and Canadian sides of Niagara Falls. But despite Lamme being the chief architect of the Niagara generators&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the machines that actually made Tesla’s AC system real&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;,&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;there isn’t a single plaque at the Falls that mentions him by name.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;The only official marker honoring Benjamin Lamme is hundreds of miles away, on the Lower Valley Pike Scenic Byway in Bethel Township, Ohio.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;The only official marker honoring Benjamin Lamme is hundreds of miles away, on the Lower Valley Pike Scenic Byway in Bethel Township, Ohio.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:31:11 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>top-ten-list</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/top-ten-list</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/01 19:31&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 46:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 46:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;**[[pittsburgh-forefront-technology-inventions-and-innovation | Before Silicon Valley created computers Geek History was made in Pittsburgh.]]**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;**[[pittsburgh-forefront-technology-inventions-and-innovation | Before Silicon Valley created computers Geek History was made in Pittsburgh.]]**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**[[vannevar-bush-symposium-1995-was-ultimate-geek-convention | Vannevar Bush Symposium in 1995 was the ultimate geek convention.]]**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 19:43:42 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>urban-legend-i-think-there-world-market-maybe-five-computers</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/urban-legend-i-think-there-world-market-maybe-five-computers</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/04/20 21:13&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Urban legend: I think there is a world market for maybe five computers ======&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ :ibm_electronic_data_processing_machine.jpg?400|}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;An internet search of the phrase &amp;quot;I think there is a world market for maybe five computers&amp;quot;&amp;#160; will produce dozens of websites claiming those were the words of IBM Chairman Thomas Watson.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;As a kid growing up before the age of the internet, I relied on encyclopedias and almanacs to learn about inventors and inventions. As an adult teaching people how to use the internet I hung on many internet forums looking to learn more and dig deeper. At times what I found shocked me.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The internet does as much to create history, as it does to document history.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The quote is often listed as one of the biggest epic fail statements of all times. We searched the net trying to find the source of the quote, and the verification that the statement was made by IBM Chairman Thomas Watson.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Many websites often have the date 1943 attached to the quote, as was the case of a slide we found on the Microsoft website, and as it is presented on a page for the PBS television show Nova. Even a UK website for The Centre for Computing History has the quote listed as: &amp;quot;I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.&amp;quot; - Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;For all the dozens of websites that list the quote attributed to IBM Chairman Thomas Watson, none of the websites have any information on the primary source or circumstances of the quote.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;I&amp;#039;ve seen various websites come up with explanations of the quote. When I checked Wikipedia, they had their own spin on the origin of the quote. When I first posted this page here on GeekHistory I used a source from IBM to debunk the myth. If you are looking for the origin of something allegedly said by an IBM chairman, why not start at IBM.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Searching IBM websites and online IBM documents turned up an IBM FAQ history document that directly addresses the mythology of the quote. The IBM document poses the question, &amp;quot;Did Thomas Watson say in the 1950s that he foresaw a market potential for only five&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;electronic computers?&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;IBM offers the following explanation:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;//&amp;quot;We believe the statement that you attribute to Thomas Watson is a misunderstanding of remarks made at IBM’s annual stockholders meeting on April 28, 1953. In referring specifically and only to the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine -- which had been introduced the year before as the company’s first production computer designed for scientific calculations -- Thomas Watson, Jr., told stockholders that “IBM had developed a paper plan for such a machine and took this paper plan across the country to some 20 concerns that we thought could use such a machine. I would like to tell you that the machine rents for between $12,000 and $18,000 a month, so it was not the type of thing that could be sold from place to place. But, as a result of our trip, on which we expected to get orders for five machines, we came home with orders for 18.”//&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Could the phrase, &amp;quot;we expected to get orders for five machines&amp;quot; from the 1953 stockholders meeting morph into the now infamous phrase, &amp;quot;I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.&amp;quot;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**IBM quote debunked**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There is so much on the internet based on myths and legends. Some people question how much of the internet is a place that documents history, and how much of the internet is a place that writes and recreates history.&amp;#160; When &amp;quot;famous quotes&amp;quot; such as &amp;quot;I think there is a world market for maybe five computers&amp;quot;&amp;#160; get repeated over and over, it becomes accepted as fact, even if no one can cite the original source.&amp;#160; After all, if you can find the quote attributed to IBM Chairman Thomas Watson on the Microsoft and PBS website, it must be true!&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Thomas Watson was one of the richest men of his time, a leading self-made businessmen and often called one of the world&amp;#039;s greatest salesmen. If there was a time and place where Watson made the statement, &amp;quot;I think there is a world market for maybe five computers,&amp;quot; it would be logical to assume there would be some record of it.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Considering the lack of primary sources for the quote, no speeches, articles, or recordings from 1943, there&amp;#039;s no reason not to believe IBM&amp;#039;s official FAQ debunking it as a misunderstanding.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Perhaps those who still believe IBM Chairman Thomas Watson made the statement in 1943 will point to some vast conspiracy or cover up.&amp;#160; Without a credible source of when the alleged quote was made we can only conclude it is an urban legend, not a factual statement.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**A bit of IBM history**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;To clarify the roles of Thomas J. Watson Sr. and Thomas J. Watson Jr. in the context of the famous &amp;quot;maybe five computers&amp;quot; quote and the surrounding IBM history, here&amp;#039;s a clear breakdown. The myth often gets pinned on the wrong person, usually Thomas J. Watson Sr. in 1943, while the real context ties to Thomas J. Watson Jr. around 1953.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1943, Thomas J. Watson Sr. was firmly in charge as CEO. IBM was deeply involved in wartime production for the U.S. military and allies, focusing on electromechanical tabulators, scales, and time clocks, not electronic computers. There is no evidence exists of Watson Sr. making any statement about the market for computers in 1943, or any year.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1953, at IBM&amp;#039;s annual stockholders&amp;#039; meeting on April 28, 1953, Watson Jr., as president, discussed the IBM 701, their first commercial scientific computer, announced publicly in 1952. Watson Jr. described pitching a paper plan for the machine to about 20 potential customers. IBM expected maybe 5 orders but secured 18. The machine rented for $12,000 to $18,000 per month, super huge money then, aimed at massive, specialized uses like atomic research or military simulations.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;So the &amp;#039;five computers&amp;#039; line? It&amp;#039;s not a wild underestimate from Watson Sr., it&amp;#039;s a mangled version of Watson Jr&amp;#039;s realistic sales forecast for one big, room-sized machine in the early computer dawn.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Why It Matters Today**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The quote endures because it&amp;#039;s a perfect anecdote for tech talks, books, and TED-style presentations about innovation&amp;#039;s unpredictability. Myths persist and they make good anecdotes for stories about entrepreneurs.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Dig deeper, trust less, in a world with billions of devices, the real market is for debunking Urban legends.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ youtube&amp;gt;Kbtr88NL9GQ |IBM: The Fake ‘Five Computers’ Quote That Fit the Story Too Well}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;----&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**IBM: The Story People Believed | The trilogy is complete.**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**[[IBM-The-Story-People-Believed | IBM: The Story People Believed ]]**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2026 21:13:54 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>vannevar-bush-symposium-1995-was-ultimate-geek-convention</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/vannevar-bush-symposium-1995-was-ultimate-geek-convention</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/25 23:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Vannevar Bush Symposium in 1995 was the ultimate geek convention ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;If we look at geeks as technology pioneers that turn visions into reality, the Vannevar Bush Symposium in October 1995 was the ultimate geek convention. The Vannevar Bush Symposium, co-sponsored Brown University and MIT, celebrated the 50th anniversary of Vannevar Bush&amp;#039;s article &amp;quot;As We May Think.&amp;quot;&amp;#160; Many people point to the 1945 Atlantic Monthly article &amp;quot;As We May Think&amp;quot; as the earliest published vision of the concept of hypertext.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In October 1995, when the event took place, the graphical user interface, desktop personal computers, and access to the internet were all in the early stages of making their way into our homes. Many of the speakers at the event were the technology pioneers who took the vision of hypertext conceived by Vannevr Bush and transformed it into the current form of what we now call the World Wide Web, such as Ted Nelson, Douglas C. Engelbart, and Tim Berners-Lee. Other notable speakers at the event included internet visionary Bob Kahn and computing pioneer Alan Kay.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Ted Nelson coined the term &amp;quot;hypertext&amp;quot; in the 1960&amp;#039;s, acknowledges his debt to Dr. Vannevar Bush for the concept of hypertext. Ted Nelson conceived a world-wide network that would allow information to be stored not as separate files, but as connected literature. The project known as Xanadu has never been totally completed.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Douglas C. Engelbart and a group of 17 researchers demonstrated hypertext, object addressing and dynamic file linking during a demonstration of the oN-Line System, also known as NLS, on December 9, 1968, in what has been called &amp;quot;The Mother of All Demos.&amp;quot;&amp;#160; Engelbart and his team had been working on the computer-sharing system since 1962. The public presentation in 1968, involving two people at different sites communicating over a network with audio and video interface was a session of the Fall Joint Computer Conference held at the Convention Center in San Francisco.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tim Berners-Lee proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers, in 1980, while an independent contractor at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). Tim Berners-Lee left CERN in 1980 and returned in 1984. By 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Bob Kahn approached Vinton Cerf in the spring of 1973 with the idea of developing a system for interconnecting networks. Kahn and Cerf published &amp;quot;A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication&amp;quot; in May 1974. The work of Kahn and Cerf established Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the building blocks of the modern internet.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Alan Kay developed graphical user interfaces and prototypes of networked workstations at Xerox Corporation&amp;#039;s Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC) in the 1970s. Alan Kay has worked for Apple, Atari, HP, and Disney, and is known for the quote, &amp;quot;The best way to predict the future is to invent it.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The Doug Engelbart Institute has the outline of the two-day Vannevar Bush Symposium on their website which includes links to the video archives from the 1995 event available online at the Internet Archive.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 19:41:30 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>when-was-internet-invented-and-who-invented-internet</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/when-was-internet-invented-and-who-invented-internet</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/02 23:24&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 64:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 64:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Internet History 1960s: Paul Baran developed packet switching&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Internet History 1960s: Paul Baran developed packet switching&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;**[[1980s-internet-protocols-become-universal-language-computers|&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;1980s-internet-protocols-become-&lt;/strong&gt;universal&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;-&lt;/strong&gt;language&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;-computers&lt;/strong&gt;]]**&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**[[1980s-internet-protocols-become-universal-language-computers|&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf set standards TCP/IP becomes&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;universal language&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;]]**&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Internet History 1970s: Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf Internet Protocol&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Internet History 1990s: Who invented the world wide web?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Internet History 1990s: Who invented the world wide web?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 23:25:13 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>when-was-internet-invented-jcr-licklider-guides-1960s-arpa-vision</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/when-was-internet-invented-jcr-licklider-guides-1960s-arpa-vision</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/02 19:27&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;==== Internet visionary J.C.R. Licklider&amp;#160; &amp;quot;Computing&amp;#039;s Johnny Appleseed&amp;quot; ====&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;==&lt;/strong&gt;==== Internet visionary J.C.R. Licklider&amp;#160; &amp;quot;Computing&amp;#039;s Johnny Appleseed&amp;quot; ====&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;==&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;&amp;#160; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;J.C.R. Licklider — Computing’s Johnny Appleseed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, known simply as “Lick,” was a psychologist and computer scientist whose ideas seeded the modern internet. Often called “Computing’s Johnny Appleseed,” he planted the concepts that others later turned into the ARPANET and, eventually, the global network we use today.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, known simply as “Lick,” was a psychologist and computer scientist whose ideas seeded the modern internet. Often called “Computing’s Johnny Appleseed,” he planted the concepts that others later turned into the ARPANET and, eventually, the global network we use today.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 19:36:25 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>who-invented-telephone</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/who-invented-telephone</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/25 23:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Who invented the Telephone? ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The history books pick and choose &amp;quot;who invented it&amp;quot; based on who won a specific patent battle.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When asked who invented the telephone the name Alexander Graham Bell is often offered as the correct answer.&amp;#160; Alexander Graham Bell patented&amp;#160; his telephone first, the U.S. Patent Office awarded Alexander Bell, United States Patent No. 174,465 in 1876.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Who invented the Telephone?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;An argument could be made for the answer to&amp;#160; who invented the telephone could be Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray, or Antonio Meucci. In the 1870s all three of these individuals worked on the technology to transmit speech electrically that would become our telephone system.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the &amp;quot;who invented it&amp;quot; mythology everyone is looking for that one &amp;quot;eureka&amp;quot; moment when something appears out of thin air, a totally new idea. In the real world of technology, inventions are part of an evolution of ideas.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Early development of the telegraph and telephone&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The telephone was an extension of the work done by Samuel Morse in developing the telegraph in the 1830s.&amp;#160; Samuel Morse independently developed and patented a recording electric telegraph in 1837.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse January 1838, across two miles of wire at near Morristown, New Jersey.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;History books tell us Alexander Graham Bel invented the telegraph based on a 1837 patent, but another inventor, Dr. David Alter, invented his own version of the telegraph in 1836.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;According to his biography from the book American Medical Biographies by Howard Kelly and Walter Burrage, 1920, Dr. David Alter &amp;quot;perfected an electric telegraph in 1836 which consisted of seven wires, the electricity deflecting a needle on a disc at the extremity of each wire.&amp;quot;&amp;#160; &amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Some sources state that Alter also invented a&amp;#160; &amp;quot;speaking telegraph, &amp;quot; a forerunner of the modern telephone system. The little known inventor from Western Pennsylvania was also a pioneer in &amp;quot;the discovery of the principles underlying spectrum analysis.&amp;quot;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Early development of the Reis telephone&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1861, German scientist and inventor Johann Philipp Reis succeeded in creating a device that captured sound, converted it to electrical impulses which were transmitted via electrical wires to another device that transformed these pulses into recognizable sounds similar to the original acoustical source. Reis coined the term telephone to describe his device&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Would you believe Antonio Meucci invented the telephone?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Many people would argue that Antonio Meucci invented the telephone. Antonio Meucci worked in developing electromagnetic voice transmission, and&amp;#160; is recognized as a early pioneer of telephone on the the Library of Congress website.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Quoting from the Library of Congress website:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;quot; Of course, Alexander Graham Bell is the father of the telephone. After all it was his design that was first patented, however, he was not the first inventor to come up with the idea of a telephone.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Antonio Meucci, an Italian immigrant, began developing the design of a talking telegraph or telephone in 1849.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 2002 the United States Congress passed resolution HRes 269 EH acknowledging the contributions of Antonio Meucci for his work in the telephone&amp;#039;s development, stating: &amp;quot;That it is the sense of the House of Representatives that the life and achievements of Antonio Meucci should be recognized, and his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged&amp;quot;.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The Antonio Meucci conspiracy theory&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Although the&amp;#160; Library of Congress website states that Meucci began developing the design of a telephone in 1849, it was many years later, December 1871, that Meucci filed a patent caveat, not a patent,&amp;#160; for a telephone device&amp;#160; with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Patent caveats according to law were &amp;quot;a description of an invention, intended to be patented, lodged in the patent office before the patent was applied for, and operated as a bar to the issue of any patent to any other person regarding the same invention.&amp;quot; Caveats lasted one year and were renewable.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Patent caveats were much less costly than a full patent application and required a less detailed description of the invention. If within the year another inventor filed a patent application for a similar invention, the Patent Office notified the holder of the caveat, who then had three months to submit a formal application. Antonio Meucci did not renew his caveat after 1874 and Alexander Graham Bell was granted a&amp;#160; patent in March of 1876.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;According to some theories, Antonio Meucci did not know English well enough to navigate the complex American business community, and was unable to raise sufficient funds to pay his way through the patent application process. Other stories claim that Meucci was told that the Western Union affiliate laboratory reportedly lost his working models. Interesting, Alexander Graham Bell, conducted experiments in the same laboratory where Meucci&amp;#039;s materials had been stored.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;It should be pointed out that a caveat does not guarantee that a patent will be granted, or what the scope of that patent will be. Antonio Meucci understood how the patent system worked, he was granted fourteen patents for other inventions. There are unanswered questions as to why Meucci did not file a patent application for his telephone, when patents were granted to him in 1872, 1873, 1875, and 1876.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Patent wars Elisha Gray versus Alexander Graham Bell&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In the 1870s, two inventors, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell, both independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically. Alexander Graham Bell&amp;#039;s lawyer filed his patent application for the telephone in the U.S. patent office in Washington, D.C. on February 14, 1876.&amp;#160; &amp;#160; Elisha Gray&amp;#039;s lawyer filed Gray&amp;#039;s patent caveat the same day.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The phenomenon known as &amp;quot;multiple discovery&amp;quot; is when notable inventions have occurred simultaneously and independently among different inventors. It happens often as similar work is being done at the same time independently of each other because the evolution of technology that leads to the invention is going on all over.&amp;#160; Was the patent office filings of both inventors on the same day the result of multiple discovery, or some other less than ethical action?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There is no shortage of conspiracy suggesting that Bell had illegally acquired knowledge of Gray&amp;#039;s invention. Gray and Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone, which Bell won.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Everyone knows the name Alexander Graham Bell because Bell Telephone is the company people associate with the evolution of the telephone.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1872, Elisha Gray founded the Western Electric Manufacturing Company, a company that would eventually evolve into Lucent Technologies. How many people know the name Elisha Gray?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The question of who invented the telephone may seem simple, but like so many modern devices in the history of technology, the story behind &amp;quot;who invented it&amp;quot; is very interesting because none of these &amp;quot;inventions&amp;quot; were the work of one man.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There is no shortage of conspiracy suggesting that Bell had illegally acquired knowledge of Gray&amp;#039;s invention.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;As a geek who loves geek history I answer may questions on Quora regarding &amp;quot;who invented it&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;did he steal it.&amp;quot; It happens often as similar work is being done at the same time independently of each other because the evolution of technology that leads to the invention is going on all over.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;So many modern devices in the history of technology, the telephone, the radio, the television, have an interesting story behind &amp;quot;who invented it&amp;quot; because none of these &amp;quot;inventions&amp;quot; were the work of one man.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 18:36:42 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>who-invented-television-philo-farnsworth-versus-sarnoff-and-zworykin</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/who-invented-television-philo-farnsworth-versus-sarnoff-and-zworykin</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/03/12 00:27&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== Who invented Television: David Sarnoff and RCA versus Philo Farnsworth&amp;#160; ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;{{ ::tvmuseum.jpg?400 |}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Business visionary David Sarnoff with Russian American scientist Vladimir Zworykin introduced electronic television to the world in the 1930s&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;---&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Who invented Television Philo Farnsworth versus Sarnoff and Zworykin&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The invention of television was the work of many inventors over several decades, as we discussed in our previous article. Turning the vision of the television as an invention into a real commercial product that occupied American homes was the work of business visionary David Sarnoff with the help of Russian American scientist Vladimir Zworykin.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Scientist and inventor Vladimir Zworykin**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;As a young engineering student, Vladimir Zworykin worked for Russian scientist and inventor Boris Rosing and assisted him in some of his laboratory work at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology in Russia. Following the Russian Revolution, Zworykin moved to the United States in 1919.&amp;#160; Zworykin found work with Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Pittsburgh. Based on their pioneering efforts in radio, he tried to convince them to do research in television.&amp;#160; His work on television resulted in two patent applications. The first, entitled &amp;quot;Television Systems&amp;quot; was filed on December 29, 1923, and was followed by a second application in 1925 that was awarded in 1928.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Zworykin applied to the physics department at the University of Pittsburgh in 1924. Due to his previous credited work Zworykin received his Ph.D. only two years later upon completion of his dissertation on the improvement of photoelectric cells.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Zworykin demonstrated his invention for television to Westinghouse executives in 1925. According to Zworykin himself his demonstration, was “scarcely impressive.” The Westinghouse executives suggested that Zworykin should spend his time on more practical endeavors.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Business visionary David Sarnoff**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1917, General Electric purchased the American branch of the Marconi Company and combined its radio patents to form a new company called the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Russian born David Sarnoff was promoted to General Manager of RCA in 1921 and was given full authority to run the company. In the 1920s David Sarnoff of RCA had the vision of developing television.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1929, Zworykin invented the all electric camera tube. Zworykin called his tube the Iconoscope &amp;quot;a viewer of icons&amp;quot;. He demonstrated both the iconoscope and kinescope to the Institute of Radio Engineers. The Iconoscope tube could produce good pictures with a reasonable amount of light.&amp;#160; In attendance at the demonstration was David Sarnoff of RCA. Sarnoff recruited Zworykin to develop television for RCA, and put Zworykin in charge of television development for RCA at their laboratories in Camden, New Jersey.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;David Sarnoff realized the potential of television, and poured huge resources into its development, even during the lean years of the depression. RCA introduced electronic television to the U. S. at the 1939 World&amp;#039;s Fair, and began regularly scheduled broadcasting at the same time.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Philo T. Farnsworth fights the war over television**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When I was young my encyclopedia told me that Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of television. For many years I took it as a fact that Zworykin invented television. Thanks to the commercialization of the internet, years later I found a whole new world of information, and discovered that the invention of television was not a simple question to answer, and learned of a battle by the followers of Philo T Farnsworth to promote his cause as the inventor of television.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Philo T. Farnsworth was a Mormon farmer who lived in Utah, not exactly the place for the hot bed of technology. In 1922, a young Farnsworth filled several blackboards in his chemistry class with sketches and diagrams showing his high school science teacher his idea for an electronic television system. Farnsworth received a patent for his television system raised money from friends to build his invention. Many years later that high school teacher would testify in court what he saw on the blackboards of the school, in support of Farnsworth&amp;#039;s claims.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;David Sarnoff offered to buy Farnsworth&amp;#039;s patents in 1931, with the condition that Farnsworth become an employee of RCA. Farnsworth refused Sarnoff&amp;#039;s offer, and spent much of the next several years fighting David Sarnoff and RCA in the court room over television patents.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;When other developers and their patents got in Sarnoff’s way, he fought them hard. Philo T. Farnsworth was one of the few who stood up to Sarnoff and won.&amp;#160; Farnsworth eventually prevailed as RCA finally conceded to a multi-year licensing agreement with Farnsworth.&amp;#160; But Sarnoff and RCA would grab the spotlight as RCA introduced electronic television to the world at New York World&amp;#039;s Fair 1939.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Who knows of Farnsworth?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Even though Farnsworth won the battle, defeating RCA in court to uphold his patent claims, he lost the war as the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation never took off. Farnsworth sold his company to International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) in 1951. Most people have heard of RCA (Radio Corporation of America), they went on to be a large and profitable company. Farnsworth&amp;#039;s family continues to promote his name, and his claim to the invention of television.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Zworykin always the scientist. **&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Decades before NASA landed a man of the moon Vladimir Zworykin talked about the scientific discoveries that could be shared on television, stating that “You can see the opposite side of the moon if someone sends a rocket there with a television camera. &amp;quot; In a 1975 interview Zworykin said he was disappointed with the outcome of television. &amp;quot;Yes. I am not presently satisfied with the programs.... Our programs are commercial, and therefore the income from broadcasting depends upon the number of people viewing. By taking surveys of this, right or wrong, they conclude that lower quality programs appeal to more people.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In their roles at RCA, it was clear that Sarnoff was the visionary businessman and Zworykin was always the scientist. Compared to Microsoft as the 800 pound gorilla of technology of the 1990s, RCA was the 800 pound gorilla of technology of the 1930s. There have been comparisons made to David Sarnoff of RCA as a driving force to establish the dominance of his company in the development of television to that of Bill Gates of Microsoft and his obsession to have Internet Explorer win the browser wars.&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;{{ ::tvwars800.png?400|}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Although many people have called Vladimir Zworykin the Father of Television, Zworykin himself always said that television was the creation of hundreds of inventors and researchers. Zworykin seemed not only to be uncomfortable with being called the Father of Television, he also seemed to be unhappy with what became of his work.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Screen capture and cropped by Tom Peracchio from 1956 RCA promotional film about television tracing scientific development of electronic television systems from 1920s to 1950s. Vladimir Zworykin (left) and RCA Chairman David Sarnoff (right) recount early research&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 00:27:57 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>who-invented-world-wide-web</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/who-invented-world-wide-web</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/03/23 01:35&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Who invented the world wide web?&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;Almost universally you will find references that state that Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide. According to the&amp;#160; World Wide Web Foundation, &amp;quot;Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.&amp;quot;&amp;#160; &amp;#160;But is it that simple?&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Like any use of the word invention, it is rarely a simple process of one person creating something new entirely from scratch. Let&amp;#039;s define the world wide web and its components.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;What is the World Wide Web?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Many people use the term internet interchangeably with &amp;quot;the web&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;world wide web.&amp;quot;&amp;#160; The internet is the&amp;#160; information super highway, the infrastructure on which we travel.&amp;#160; Web browsers and web servers make up the world wide web, the vehicle we use to travel on the highway.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;When I talk about the general term of the internet, I am speaking about the technologies that move packets of information along wires from one destination to another, specifically the family of protocols known as TCP/IP (transmission control protocol - internet protocol).&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The internet uses the TCP/IP family of protocols developed by Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf in the 1970s.&amp;#160; The World Wide Web is a system of Internet servers using the HTTP protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol), an additional member of the TCP/IP family of protocols, expanding on the basic principles established by Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf back in the 1970s.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The &amp;quot;World Wide Web” represents the many destinations that are connected together using the public highway system of the internet.&amp;#160; When I talk about the general term of the World Wide Web, I am speaking about the technologies that create websites and webservers such as HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) and HTML (hypertext markup language). The applications called web browsers that make it easy to access the World Wide Web using URLs (Uniform Resource Locators).&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tim Berners-Lee developed the three main technologies that all computers could use for accessing information over the medium of the Internet: HTML, HTTP and URLs.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The evolution of HyperText Markup Language&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Many people point to a 1945 Atlantic Monthly article called &amp;quot;As We May Think&amp;quot; by Dr. Vannevar Bush as the earliest published vision of the concept of hypertext.&amp;#160; Concerned with information overload and the need to make knowledge more accessible, Dr. Vannevar Bush describes a theoretical machine called a &amp;quot;memex&amp;quot;&amp;#160; that would be able to make links between documents.&amp;#160; The machine was to extend the powers of human memory and association. Just as the human mind forms memories through associations, the user of the memex would be able to make links between documents.&amp;#160; Discussing the concept of &amp;quot;making more accessible our bewildering store of knowledge&amp;quot; the article by Vannevar Bush defined many concepts of modern information technology.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Hypertext is defined as a system that allows objects of various types such as text, pictures, and music, to be creatively linked to each other. Ted Nelson, who coined the term &amp;quot;hypertext&amp;quot; in the 1960&amp;#039;s, acknowledges his debt to Dr. Vannevar Bush for the concept of hypertext. Ted Nelson conceived a world-wide network that would allow information to be stored not as separate files, but as connected literature. The project known as Xanadu has never been totally completed.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;The second part of the acronym HTML refers to the concept of Markup Languages which date back to Generalized Markup Language developed by IBM in the 1960s. Charles F. Goldfarb was a member of a team tasked by IBM to apply computers to the legal practice.&amp;#160; The project required integrating a text editing application with an information retrieval system came up with the concept of Generalized Markup Language (GML).&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tim Berners-Lee defines the world wide web&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1980, while an independent contractor at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), Tim Berners-Lee proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.&amp;#160; Tim Berners-Lee left CERN in 1980,&amp;#160; and returned in 1984. By 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet.&amp;#039;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Berners-Lee wrote the first, text only, browser client called &amp;#039;World Wide Web&amp;#039; and made it available within CERN. It was published on the Internet in the summer of 1991.&amp;#160; Berners-Lee spent the next few years refining the main technologies necessary for easy web browsing, URLs, HTTP, and HTML.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;You will see the origin of the World Wide Web having numerous dates between 1989 and 1993.&amp;#160; According to his biography on the W3C website, &amp;quot;Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tim Berners-Lee would develop HTML (HyperText Markup Language) as the computer language that would take the collection of wires and computers of the internet, and give them a more universal method of communications that would be known as the World Wide Web.&amp;#160; Just as the core networking protocols of the internet represented a radical departure from how things were done prior to their development, the concept of hypertext was likewise a new way of delivering information.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Tim Berners-Lee is currently the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (WC3) a vendor-neutral group of international members of Internet developers setting standards for the web including standards for HTML.&amp;#160; He is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 23:17:08 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>why-was-internet-created-1957-sputnik-launches-arpa</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/why-was-internet-created-1957-sputnik-launches-arpa</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/02 22:26&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 31:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 31:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The genesis of that mission and of DARPA itself dates to the launch of Sputnik in 1957, and a commitment by the United States that, from that time forward, it would be the initiator and not the victim of strategic technological surprises.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The genesis of that mission and of DARPA itself dates to the launch of Sputnik in 1957, and a commitment by the United States that, from that time forward, it would be the initiator and not the victim of strategic technological surprises.&amp;quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Is it ARPA or DARPA that created the ARPANET&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;=====&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Is it ARPA or DARPA that created the ARPANET&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;=====&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Throughout&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;this section on&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the history of the internet we refer to the parent of the internet as ARPA because the computer network that gave birth to the internet was the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). Initially called the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency is currently called the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). What makes the situation more confusing is that ARPA was renamed to DARPA in March 1972, then renamed ARPA in February 1993, and then renamed DARPA again in March 1996. Regardless of the name changes ARPA has always been an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Throughout the history of the internet we refer to the parent of the internet as ARPA because the computer network that gave birth to the internet was the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). Initially called the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency is currently called the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;What makes the situation more confusing is that ARPA was renamed to DARPA in March 1972, then renamed ARPA in February 1993, and then renamed DARPA again in March 1996. Regardless of the name changes ARPA has always been an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;===== 1960s Ideas shaped by the Cold War =====&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;===== 1960s Ideas shaped by the Cold War =====&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 51:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 53:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;While some people still debate whether the original purpose of the internet was for the military, the internet was originally conceived by the RAND Corporation, a think tank that focused mostly on cold war related military issues as RAND pondered post-nuclear attack scenarios&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;While some people still debate whether the original purpose of the internet was for the military, the internet was originally conceived by the RAND Corporation, a think tank that focused mostly on cold war related military issues as RAND pondered post-nuclear attack scenarios&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-deletedline&quot;&gt;Why&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;was&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;internet&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;created&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;=====&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;Why&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;historians still debate why&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;the&amp;#160;&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;Internet was&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;created&lt;strong class=&quot;diff-mark&quot;&gt;. =====&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Various RAND and DARPA statements connecting early Internet projects to cold war fears and the desire to survive a nuclear attack are stated on their website, not part an isolated study.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;Various RAND and DARPA statements connecting early Internet projects to cold war fears and the desire to survive a nuclear attack are stated on their website, not part an isolated study.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 22:29:25 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title>you-dont-need-be-genius-know-why-thomas-edison-was-popular</title>
            <link>https://geekhistory.com/content/you-dont-need-be-genius-know-why-thomas-edison-was-popular</link>
            <description>&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;2026/07/25 23:50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;current&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class=&quot;diff-blockheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;====== You don&amp;#039;t need to be a genius to know why Thomas Edison was popular ======&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;There are many theories as to why Thomas Edison was more popular that other inventors of his generation. There is an overwhelming abundance of conspiracy theories on the internet claiming that Edison cheated his contemporary inventor Nikola Tesla out of fame and fortune. Some of the wild stories would have you believe that Edison was the devil. As far as any conspiracy of why Edison is more popular than Tesla, it doesn&amp;#039;t take a genius to figure it out.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Nikola Tesla was fascinated with AC power (alternating current), he is most famous for working with George Westinghouse in the development of AC power distribution. For much of his life Tesla worked alone in laboratories on experiments with alternating current. Edison was popular in the media of his day, and he introduced the world to devices that played music and movies.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Thomas Edison rock star**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Thomas Edison was an entertainer who promoted cool toys that entertained the word. In a world long before the internet and television existed, Edison brought us music and movies. At a time when the world was changing rapidly as the industrial age was introducing new technology to everyday life Edison created the image of the mythical inventor. Edison wasn&amp;#039;t working in some cold boring laboratory, he used his image as the great American folk hero to tell people he was creating an invention factory.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;One of the first things created in his invention factory that would make Edison the rock star of the late 19th century would be the phonograph. The first invention of the phonograph was in 1877 while Edison was hoping to create a machine that would transcribe telegraphic messages through indentations on paper tape, which could later be sent over the telegraph repeatedly. Edison made a name for himself as the inventor of the phonograph giving demonstrations of his famous talking machine to the president and the US Congress. Becoming a legendary larger than life folk hero of the 19th century, Edison was dubbed the Wizard of Menlo Park.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Edison sold the rights to his initial creation using a cylinder with tin foil, and various versions of it were not a commercial success.&amp;#160; The phonograph finally would take off when Edison started the National Phonograph Company in 1896, which would manufacture phonographs for home entertainment use. The phonograph was Edison&amp;#039;s life-long personal favorite invention, and he would revisit it many times throughout his lifetime.The concept of the phonograph would evolve over the years, as would Edison and his companies.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;In 1911 the new Edison Disc Phonograph using 10&amp;quot; plastic discs was released.&amp;#160; Edison loved the tinkering and inventing, but he understood that inventing was much more than just having an idea. Edison&amp;#039;s unique mix of genius inventor and shrewd businessman was illustrated with his development of the Edison Disc Phonograph.&amp;#160; Edison was well aware that providing the music people wanted to hear was essential to the success of the Edison Disc Phonograph. Long before commercial radio was popular, and any type of music libraries existed, Edison was creating his own extensive music collection.&amp;#160; From 1912 to 1929 the Edison Diamond Disc catalogs offered recordings of many types of recording from the popular songs of the era to classical tunes. The Edison label contained a vast musical library from instrumental dance music and popular vocals to marimba and Hawaiian songs.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Edison would have a performer sing along with a disc recording of their voices and dared the audience to be able to tell the difference. In a publicity stunt known as the Tone Tests performing artists alternating their live performance on a darkened stage with that on the disc, and a live audience was challenged to tell the difference.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Thomas Edison movie producer**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Edison also was involved in developing the concept of movies and motion pictures. One of the more famous films made by Edison Studios was the first motion picture adaptation of Mary Shelley&amp;#039;s Frankenstein. Yes, it was a boring black and white silent film that lasted all of 12 minutes, but we are talking about the year 1910!&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;One of the areas Edison did a lot of work in that does not get much discussion is motion pictures. The first commercially exhibited motion pictures in the United States were from Edison. Thomas Edison himself played no direct part in the making of his studio&amp;#039;s films beyond being the owner. The movie studio created content for his inventions the Kinetoscope motion picture exhibition device and the Kinetograph innovative motion picture camera.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Edison Studios made close to 1,200 films as part of the Edison Manufacturing Company (1894–1911) and then Thomas A. Edison, Inc. (1911–1918) until the studio&amp;#039;s closing in 1918.&amp;#160; The overwhelming majority of the films were very short. One of the more famous films made by Edison Studios was the first motion picture adaptation of Mary Shelley&amp;#039;s Frankenstein. The silent film produced in 1910 has a running time of 12 minutes.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;One of the movies produced by Edison&amp;#039;s movie company was cats boxing.&amp;#160; If you find that a bit weird or cruel, Edison&amp;#039;s treatment of household pets would not win him any awards with animal rights activists. Edison often used cats and dogs in his experiments to illustrate the dangers of AC power.&amp;#160; He was also believed to be associated with the public execution of a circus elephant that was sentenced to death.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;**Who do you think is more popular?**&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;We can remember Nikola Tesla for inventing something called the Tesla Coil. It looks cool in the science lab, but the novelty of a glowing light that shoots sparks wears out quickly at parties.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;Thomas Edison created the first device that could provide music at our parties, and collected the best music collection of his generation.&amp;#160; The the Edison Diamond Disc catalogs were not exactly iTunes, but still provided for a great party in the early part of the twentieth century.&amp;#160; Edison also was involved in developing the concept of movies and motion pictures.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-addedline&quot;&gt;You don&amp;#039;t need to be Einstein to know why Thomas Edison was so popular. Much like the modern-day geek cult heroes like Steve Jobs, Edison became a wealthy man finding new ways to get wealthier by producing cool toys that he could sell to the public. Thomas Edison was a lunatic at times, but long before we had iTunes, Edison realized the importance of a good music library.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-lineheader&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-context&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</description>
            <author>anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous)</author>
            <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 12:42:03 +0000</pubDate>
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